• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.87-105
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• 1999

A objective of this study is to examine a commercial practices and analyze a trade environment for a successful launch of Indonesian market. In general, Indonesian trade environment is composed of a natural environment, religious peculiarity, history and politic, an economic prospect. In order to understand a commercial practice exactly and then be possible a favorable business achievement, a natural character, a mode of living, custom of a meal and invitation, custom of gift, religious taboo, a human relationship, commercial power, a tendency of product preference should be recognized. The results of the study indicate mostly that even though an excellent brand image, a good Quality and an efficient sales network are a basic factor for making of a successful business. However practically it is more important to understand a business custom and a natural character of Indonesian. Because business is made up of through relation between human being eventually.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.23
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• pp.175-199
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• 2007

With starting of the WTO system, the environments of international trade and commerce met new aspects of affairs such as lowering of trade barriers among nations and bittering of competition among companies that transcend nation's border. In these changing environments of international trade and commerce, to accomplish high rates of export growth, it is necessary that the government and private companies have to establish new international trade and commerce policies and effective counter plans. In relation to these situations, to cultivate international trade and commerce specialist constantly who can be adapted to the situation of the times, the persons concerned with international trade and commerce education of the university must be considering the change of environments, and analyze the problems and pursue the change constantly to fulfill the needs of the society. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the changing features of the educational environments for international trade and commerce in Korea, and suggested improvement direction of education of international trade and commerce of university. We suggest that following; firstly, development of the link major, secondly, development of standardized curriculum, thirdly, enlargement of cooperation with foreign countrie's universities, and fourthly, activation of the trade incubator project.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.279-291
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• 2015

Fair trade is international trade that pays just wages, supplies stable and eco-friendly products, and supports the sustainable development of economies. This study examined consumers 'cognition of fair trade, product intention of fair trade products, and consumer demand for fair trade education. We compare these variables between Korean and Chinese consumers and explored variables that affect consumers' cognition, purchase intentions and consumer education demand. This study randomly targeted 428 adult consumers in Seoul (219) and Beijing (209) to grasp the demand of customer education and a purchasing intention for fair trade products. The results of this study are as follows. First, participants showed a low cognition of fair trade and purchase intention, while consumer demand for fair trade education on concept, campaign and effect had a comparatively higher level. Chinese consumers showed a higher level of purchase intention, but a lower level of consumer education demand for fair trade concepts. Second, a higher education level resulted in a higher cognition of fair trade by Korean consumers and more experienced Chinese consumers had a higher cognition. Third, the cognition of fair trade affected the purchase intentions positively for both in Korean and Chinese consumers. Finally, cognition and purchase intention showed positive effects of the consumer demand for fair trade education on concept, campaign, and effect.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.57-73
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• 2019

The purposes of this study are to propose exhibition planning and management skills of trade fair organizers and to provide suggestions on the direction of government policies related to fair items. This study analyzes exhibitor objectives of exhibition participation and exhibition choice attributes using revised importance-performance analysis. This research uses visitor level, organizer services and market attraction of hosting country, as explanatory variables affecting companies' trade show choices. It also utilizes sales and non-sales purposes of participants as variables of exhibitors' objectives. As a result of the empirical analysis and examination of prior research, this study presents some recommendations for exhibition organizers and governments of hosting countries. First, the exhibition organizer should consider the importance of the number of visitors. Thus, the organizer should focus on prior marketing activities to attract visitors. Second, the organizer should make a trade fair plan in compliance with participants' needs. Third, policy authorities should provide environment of free competition among players.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.389-416
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• 2020

This paper provides empirical evidence on the reorganization of GVCs in East Asia, highlighting that structural trends explain a decrease in the fragmentation of production after 2011 but that it is not the result of rising trade costs along the value chain. Using harmonized inter-country input-output tables, the paper first analyzes the global import intensity of production to document changes in the structure of GVCs. It then calculates theory-consistent bilateral trade costs for intermediate and final products using an approach derived from the gravity literature and introduces a new index of cumulative trade costs along the value chain. These data are used to discuss whether the decrease in global imports is the consequence of shifts in demand, efficiency-enhancing strategies of firms or rising trade costs. Between 2011 and 2016, cumulative trade costs have decreased in East Asian GVCs. However, as COVID-19 is likely to intensify trade and investment uncertainties, trade costs could increase in the future. Policies aimed at reducing uncertainties and preserving the gains from trade and investment liberalization will be key in this new environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.151-165
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• 2013

This paper aims to examine the implications of the global market for Korean textile and fashion firms with regard to recent changes in the international business environment to improve the corporative management to the level that the global economy demands. The trade and business environment is moving toward the paradigm of glocalism. As the geographical scope of the market and business environment continues to expand with the aid of technological development, demands for global standards as a means to offer universal validity in business settings have been raised. The glocalized society values diversity as a notion beyond global standardization. The world trade orders are subject to free trade; however, protectionism has substantially promoted trade barriers in the name of the environment and safety issues, ethical managements, and intellectual property rights. For sustainable development in the global market, Korean firms should strive to implement global standards related to these issues and corporate social responsibility in their business settings.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.33
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• pp.247-275
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• 2007

This paper is to propose the Direction for the institutional improvement of Financial Supply Chain Management(FSCM) Solution which are currently coming into operation under Global e-Trading Platform. The Financial Supply Chain compromise the entire trade processes and information that manage a trader's cash, Accounts payable and receivable, Risk, working capital, and so on in international trade transaction. From a buyer's perspective, this involves the full procurement-to-payment process. For the seller, it is the order-to-cash cycle. Bolero provides the party concerned a e-trade platform which conformed to these fundamental pre-requisites to underpin fully electronic trade. But this FSCM solution have failed to provide the efficient platform to effectively manage the process of Global e-Trade because it does not correspond with e-Trade environment. Therefore, present FSCM system need the institutional improvement as follows: AA) Strengthening the role of the correspondent Bank under e-Trade System, BB) Extending the function of e-Trade intermediary institution, CC) The introduction of Trade Insurance System, etc. So, by streamlining and automating these processes on an open and flexible platform, The party concerned can optimize their trade transaction and maintain better relations with their business partners

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.15-29
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• 2021

The purpose of this paper is to explore how the Confucius Institute Chinese international promotion could better promote the development of China's foreign trade, by analyzing the distribution of the Confucius Institute worldwide, based on the theory of language economics, using SWOT analysis to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the internal environment, opportunities and challenges of the external environment of Chinese international promotion of Confucius Institute. The following findings were gathered: as a language teaching institution and information exchange platform, Confucius Institute has the ability to share trade information and increase trade opportunities; to improve cultural identity and reduce transaction costs; to promote cultural communication and integration, and drive the development of related industries. The internal disadvantages were mainly reflected in the mismatch between the global regional distribution structure of Confucius Institutes, and the economic and trade structure, such as, the asymmetry between language, culture output, and demand. In addition, the management mechanism was not perfect. External opportunities were mainly new opportunities brought by economic globalization, cultural diversity, and the development of the Belt and Road initiative. External challenges were mainly influenced by the China threat theory and the fierce cultural competition among countries. The corresponding countermeasures were put forward based on the advantages of the platform and grasping the external opportunities: improving the quality of operation and speeding up the localization process; respecting cultural differences and realizing cultural common learning; seeking multilateral cooperation and enhancing the capacity for independent development.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.57-67
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• 2023

Purpose: An evaluation of Uzbekistan's steps towards competitiveness for FDI globally is presented in this paper. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the case of Uzbekistan, and to determine the strategies that can be implemented to increase the competitiveness in attracting foreign investment. Research design, data and methodology: To investigate the FDI environment and identify effective strategies, Global RPM and QSPM analyses were conducted in addition to in-depth interviews with experts. In particular, this study uses the method of Global RPM analysis to make a comprehensive evaluation and analysis on globalization, rationality, and professionalism and morality dimensions of FDI in Uzbekistan. Results: According to the analysis, the conditions of political situation, financial stability, legal frameworks, as well as economic environment of the country play a significant role in bringing in FDIs from abroad. Moreover, based on the results, Uzbekistan scored lowest on globalization, indicating that the country has a low level of integration and openness to the global economy and society. Conclusions: Uzbekistan can boost its productive capacity and GDP growth with FDI, but it has to overcome many structural and logistical obstacles. Furthermore, adhering to the chosen strategies, policymakers can leverage FDI to stimulate economic growth, leading to the generation of new jobs and expanded opportunities in Uzbekistan.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.39-55
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• 2016

The rapid expansion of China's trade surplus since the mid-eighties and picking up until the onset of 2008-09 global financial crisis has been a key development in the world economy. While growing trade surplus of China has been viewed with cynicism borne out of an undervalued Yuan and for having being a member of WTO since 2001, many others argue that China's trade surplus reflect changes in China's economic and trade structure and associated shifts in its role within regional and global production chains. We address this issue by analyzing: (i) China's growing and changing trade structure as well as changing structure of trade surplus with the rest of the world, USA, Europe, Japan and rest of Asia, (ii) China's revealed comparative advantage (RCA) with the rest of the world, and (iii) how China's trade policies resulted into a shift in China's trade structure. We find that, not only China has made significant inroads in the world trade since its admission to WTO, but also there has been a noticeable shift in China's trade structure with specialization in high-end technology industries wherein China's exports aided by a well calibrated FDI policy.