• 무역학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2020

This study aims to analyze the export effects of Korea-Canada FTA's tariff reduction, which was launched on January 1, 2015. First, as a groundwork, this study reviewed trade creation and trade diversion by investigating all possible cases of both initial FTA and additional FTA. The review was done by using the simple model of three countries assuming FTA means elimination of tariff. The review suggested that additional FTA doesn't have any negative impact on import country's social welfare contrary to initial FTA. In additional FTA, Trade diversion could happen between FTA partner countries, but it always increases import country's social welfare. In this sense, it can be called favorable trade diversion. Second, this study analyzed the export effects of Korea-Canada FTA using Clausing's product level model based on Canadian government import data from Korea which is not open to the public. It turned out that Korea-Canada FTA's tariff reduction boosted Canadian import growth rate from Korea. On the other hand, Canadian import growth rate from rest of the world was not negatively affected by Korea-Canada FTA's tariff reduction. Rather, it increased as Canadian import growth rate from Korea was higher. These findings implied trade creation rather than trade diversion of Korea-Canada FTA when it comes to Korea's export to Canada.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2022

Purpose - This study empirically investigates the effects of Official Development Assistance (ODA) on the economic activities of private actors in recipient countries. As a proxy for the economic activities of private actors, we utilize the job creation activities of foreign subsidiaries in recipient countries. The foreign subsidiaries provide a foundation for economic development by creating paying jobs. That is, if ODA has been successfully transferred to foreign subsidiaries, then these foreign subsidiaries should help economic growth and help create a boom in the local market by providing jobs. These jobs eventually lead to the achievement of the primary aims of foreign aid, including poverty reduction. Thus, this study empirically examines the relationship between ODA and the number of jobs created by foreign subsidiaries in recipient countries. Design/methodology - This is the first study to examine the effects of the ODA on the job creation of foreign subsidiaries because it has been hard to obtain internal information related to the employment status of foreign subsidiaries. Fortunately, we have a unique panel dataset provided by the Export-Import Bank of Korea (KEXIM) for 2006 to 2013. In terms of the empirical specification, we use the generalized least squares (GLS) method. The panel GLS estimator allows us to have an efficient estimation that overcomes the limitations of the panel data. It employs assumptions about the heteroscedasticity between the panels and makes an autocorrelation of the error term within each panel. Findings - We find that ODA influences job creation in foreign subsidiaries. In particular, we found that ODA creates more jobs in sales than in managerial or production positions. This study also shows that the effect of the ODA on the foreign subsidiaries' job creation activities depend on the purpose of the ODA. By examining ODA effects on the foreign subsidiaries' economic activities (e.g., job creation), this study fills a gap in the current literature. Originality/value - Existing studies that focus on the ODA effect have either a macroeconomic point or a microeconomic point of view. However, both approaches do not explain how well foreign aid has influenced private economic actors of recipient countries. In essence, previous researchers found it difficult to obtain the necessary data for internal employment status from foreign subsidiaries. However, thanks to the Korea Export-Import Bank, this study shows that ODA indeed influences the job creation activities of foreign subsidiaries even after controlling for other factors such as FDI, GDP growth rate, employment rate, household expenditure, mother firms' share, etc. By doing so, we can examine how ODA influences the job creation of foreign subsidiaries, which might help economic development and reduce the amount of poverty in recipient countries.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제72권
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• pp.139-160
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• 2016

Using the gravity model, this paper analyzes empirically how the world trade in goods is affected by regional trade agreements(RTAs) which have been spreading rapidly since the mid-1990s. This paper attempt to do the panel data analysis about 174 countries during the period of 1994-2008. These panel data include 157 RTAs. It is meaningful that this paper uses comprehensive data to analyze the net effect of regional trade agreements on the global trade volume. This provides a clue as to the answer to the stumbling block debate raised early in the regional trade agreement. Also, confirming how the participation of the WTO affected the trade volume among the member countries, the WTO-related dummy variables are additionally introduced to this gravity model. And as far as we know, the state system-related variables is first considered in this model. This variable reflects the social and cultural environments of countries as the proxy variable representing the sociocultural homogeneity. In all regressions, joining to the WTO and consistency of the state system have a positive effect on increasing the trade volumes between countries. According to the analysis of RTA trade effects, RTAs, on average, increase the volume of trade within the RTA region by 27%~37%, and decrease the volume of trade between the regional and the non-regional nation by 1.2%~3.4%.Therefore, the net effect of regional trade agreements on the promotion of global welfare is positive. For robustness check, we also introduce the interaction term of the dummy variable which reflects the RTA tightening and the continuous variable which reflects the distance effect. As a result, the RTAs alleviate the trade-decreasing effect which is caused by the distance between the countries.

• 무역학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.253-272
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• 2022

As the digital era accelerates, traditional perspectives have limitations in explaining the success or failure of export performance. The purpose of this study is to analyze new factors affecting export performance from the perspective of customer experience, which has emerged as an important factor in securing a competitive advantage and generating organizational performance. After deriving hypotheses based on literature review and discussion, a research model is designed in which three factors of customer experience such as understanding customer's objectives, customer value creation capability, and customer journey management are the antecedents, and export performance is the dependent variable. This model also includes organizational agility and personal contact as the moderating variables. To verify the hypotheses, multiple regression analysis was conducted on the collected data drawn from 198 SME exporters. According to the analysis results, it was found that all three antecedents positively affected export performance. In particular, the organizational agility and personal contact were confirmed to have a moderating effect that creates better export performance by interacting with customer value creation capability. The theoretical significance of this study is to find that effective customer experience management can be a key factor in creating export performance. The results suggest that checking the overall customer journey, exporters should select and intervene to intensively manage key touch points that can have a decisive impact on the quality of customer experience. At the end of the paper, practical implications to be considered in creating export performance through effective customer experience management are presented.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among credibility toward publicity (CP), the attitude toward publicity (AP), enterprise images, ethical obligations, and purchase intention, and then to demonstrate the differences in the relationships according to the three socially valuable creations: job creation, environmental protection, and fair trade. The hypotheses of this study were empirically tested with data collected via an online survey. The results of path analysis indicated that CP and AP positively affected enterprise images and ethical obligations respectively. Purchase intention was influenced by AP, enterprise images, and ethical obligations, but not by CP. In addition, this study highlighted the lack of a difference in consumer responses to publicity according to the three types of socially valuable creations. These findings provide guidelines for publicity strategies to induce consumers to purchase social enterprise products for marketing managers and entrepreneurs operating social enterprises.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.485-494
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• 2016

본 연구는 한국과 싱가포르, 인도, 미국의 자유무역협정(FTA) 발효로 인한 양자간 교역증진효과를 통계적으로 비교 분석하고자 한다. 다수의 선행연구에서 양자간 교역 증대효과 추정시 활용된 중력모형(Gravity)을 기본 방법론으로 패널분석(Panel analysis)을 통해 한국과 FTA 발효국(싱가포르, 인도, 미국)을 효과집단으로, 미발효국은 통제집단으로 구분하여 총 20년의 기간을 설정하여 FTA 발효의 순수효과를 추정하였다. 자유무역협정의 교역증대효과 분석을 위해 우리나라와 FTA가 발효된 3개 국가(효과집단)와 2015년 기준 우리나라 벌크물동량 교역 상위 90%의 비중을 차지하는 27개 국가(통제집단)의 횡단면 및 시계열로 구성된 패널자료를 사용하였다. 분석 결과 FTA 발효는 우리나라 벌크물동량 증대에 기여한 것으로 나타났다. 특히 본 연구의 대상국가인 싱가포르, 인도, 미국과는 자유무역협정 발효로 인한 무역창출효과가 발생하였고 ASEAN 및 NAFTA+3의 경우 무역전환효과가 발생하였다. 한편 자유무역협정 이외의 GDP, 1인당 GDP 변수는 벌크물동량과 정(正)의 효과를 보이는 것으로 나타났으며, 거리 변수는 물동량과 부(負)의 효과를 보이는 것으로 분석되었다. 마지막으로 국가별 패널자료 분석 결과 하우스만 검정 및 LR검정을 시행하였으며, 고정효과모형이 임의효과모형보다 적합한 것으로 나타났다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.263-287
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• 2013

2000년대 들어 우리나라의 해외직접투자가 큰 폭으로 증가하고 있어 국내산업의 공동화, 성장잠재력 약화, 고용 축소 및 수출둔화 등의 우려가 커지고 있다. 해외직접투자가 수출에 미치는 영향과 관련, 선행연구들은 대체적으로 해외직접투자가 증가하면 자본재와 원부자재의 수출유발을 통해 우리나라 수출을 증가시킨다는 결론을 제시하고 있다. 분설결과를 보면 첫째, 기업단위 분석에서는 수출유발효과와 수출대체효과가 상쇄되어 순수출의 증가나 감소는 나타나지 않았고, 순수입은 감소하는 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 해외현지법인의 진출기간이 장기화될수록 우리나라의 순수출이 감소할 가능성이 있으며, 현지 매출입 비율이 높을수록 국내로부터의 중간재 수입을 줄여서 순수출을 감소시키는 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과, 해외현지법인들의 현지화가 진전될수록 국내 수출에는 부정적 영향을 미칠 수 있음이 확인되었다. 셋째, 산업단위의 분석결과, 제조업 부문의 해외직접투자가 증가하면 우리나라 전체 수출증가율을 둔화시키는 것으로 나타나 장기적으로 해외직접투자가 우리나라의 수출을 둔화시키는 요인으로 작용할 가능성이 있음이 확인되었다. 이는 해외현지법인의 매출입구조 면에서 대 한국 수입이 지속적으로 감소함으로써 자본재와 중간재의 수출유발효과가 감소하고 있는 점과 일치하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 넷째, 해외직접투자 이외의 변수로서 우리나라 수출은 세계수입 증가율, 가격경쟁력 및 국내 공급능력에 주된 영향을 받으며, 산업별 R&D 집중도는 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 해외직접투자가 장기적으로 수출에 부정적인 영향을 준다 하더라도 해외직접투자는 기업차원에서 현지시장 진출 및 비용경쟁력 확보를 위해 불가피한 현상이다. 그러나 현지화가 더욱 진전됨에 따라 수출대체효과도 커질 것에 대비하여 해외투자와 수출이 선순환구조를 이룰 수 있도록 유도하는 전략이 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.65-81
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• 2021

The technological development in the era of the 4th industrial revolution is changing the paradigm of various industries. Various technologies such as big data, cloud, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and the Internet of Things are used, creating synergy effects with existing industries, creating radical development and value creation. Among them, the logistics sector has been greatly influenced by quantitative data from the past and has been continuously accumulating and managing data, so it is highly likely to be linked with big data analysis and has a high utilization effect. The modern advanced technology has developed together with the data mining technology to discover hidden patterns and new correlations in such big data, and through this, meaningful results are being derived. Therefore, data mining occupies an important part in big data analysis, and this study tried to analyze data mining techniques that can contribute to the logistics field and common logistics using these data mining technologies. Therefore, by using the AHP technique, it was attempted to derive priorities for each type of efficient data mining for logisticalization, and R program and R Studio were used as tools to analyze this. Criteria of AHP method set association analysis, cluster analysis, decision tree method, artificial neural network method, web mining, and opinion mining. For the alternatives, common transport and delivery, common logistics center, common logistics information system, and common logistics partnership were set as factors.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권9호
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• pp.249-260
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• 2021

This research explores the effects of intellectual capital on knowledge management processes (creation of information, knowledge sharing, and use of knowledge) and innovation performance. The data was gathered from 224 fashion accessories in Thailand using a questionnaire. The population was collected on December 16, 2019 (https:/www.ditp.go.th) from a list database of the Department of International Trade Promotion, Ministry of Commerce of Thailand (2019). A questionnaire mail survey technique was used to collect data. Executives or managers were the key participants in this study. The statistical technique used to analyze is the ordinary least square regression. The findings show that intellectual capital has a significant positive effect on information management systems. Likewise, information management techniques have a significant positive effect on innovation performance. Moreover, increasing the use of information tends to make staff willing to use the knowledge to improve the quality and quantity of the service. This tendency contributes to productivity gain. Through the interaction of processes of information use, self-reflection, and input from customers, employees tend to increase the production of knowledge that eventually develops the results of the innovation. Hence, organizations should value knowledge management process elements to improve efficiency, and thus innovation.

• 무역학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.25-45
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• 2018

본 논문은 미국의 통상압력에 따른 국내 자동차산업의 수출손실 및 경제적 파급효과를 추정한다. 2010년~2017년 사이 HS 6단위 관세 및 수출자료를 이용하여 미국의 관세변화에 따른 대미 자동차수출 탄력성을 포아송 가성 최우추정기법을 적용하여 추정한다. 세 가지 통상압력 시나리오별로 대미 수출손실을 추정한 후 산업연관분석에 기반한 관세누적모형을 적용하여 국내 생산, 부가가치 및 고용에 미치는 영향을 추정한다. 분석결과 미국의 글로벌 관세율 25% 부과시 국내 경제 파급효과는 2019년~2023년 사이 5년간 수출손실 최대 308억 달러, 일자리손실 약 30만개, 생산유발손실 88.0조원, 부가가치유발손실 24.0조원으로 추정되었다. 자동차관세의 양허철회시 수출손실은 42.7억 달러, 일자리 손실은 4만 1천 7백여 명으로 추정되었다. 자동차부품에 대해 세이프가드 15% 관세율 적용시 3년간 대미 수출손실은 19.3억 달러, 일자리 손실은 1만 8천 7백여 명에 이를 것으로 추정되었다.