In this paper, a new refined quasi-three-dimensional (3D) shear deformation theory for the bending analysis of functionally graded plate is presented. The number of unknown functions involved in this theory is only four against five or more in the case of the other shear and normal deformation theories. Due to its quasi-3D nature, the stretching effect is taken into account in the formulation of governing equations. In addition, the effect of different micromechanical models on the bending response of these plates is studied. Various micromechanical models are used to evaluate the mechanical characteristics of the FG plates whose properties vary continuously across the thickness according to a simple power law. The present theory accounts for both shear deformation and thickness stretching effects by a parabolic variation of displacements across the thickness, and the zero traction boundary conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the plate without using shear correction factors. The problem is solved for a plate simply supported on its edges and the Navier solution is used. The results of the present method are compared with others from the literature where a good agreement has been found. A detailed parametric study is presented to show the effect of different micromechanical models on the flexural response of a simply supported FG plates.
Lemya Hanifi Hachemi Amar;Abdelhakim Kaci;Aicha Bessaim;Mohammed Sid Ahmed Houari;Abdelouahed Tounsi
Structural Engineering and Mechanics
/
v.89
no.3
/
pp.225-238
/
2024
In this paper, a quasi-3D hyperbolic shear deformation theory for the bending responses of a functionally graded (FG) porous micro-beam is based on a modified couple stress theory requiring only one material length scale parameter that can capture the size influence. The model proposed accounts for both shear and normal deformation effects through an illustrative variation of all displacements across the thickness and satisfies the zero traction boundary conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the micro-beam. The effective material properties of the functionally graded micro-beam are assumed to vary in the thickness direction and are estimated using the homogenization method of power law distribution, which is modified to approximate the porous material properties with even and uneven distributions of porosity phases. The equilibrium equations are obtained using the virtual work principle and solved using Navier's technique. The validity of the derived formulation is established by comparing it with the ones available in the literature. Numerical examples are presented to investigate the influences of the power law index, material length scale parameter, beam thickness, and shear and normal deformation effects on the mechanical characteristics of the FG micro-beam. The results demonstrate that the inclusion of the size effects increases the microbeams stiffness, which consequently leads to a reduction in deflections. In contrast, the shear and normal deformation effects are just the opposite.
Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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v.45
no.1
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pp.115-122
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2018
Noonan syndrome is characterized by distinctive facial features, short stature, and congenital heart disease. It is a congenital genetic disorder with a prevalence of between 1/1,000 and 1/2,500 in both genders. An 11-year-old boy with Noonan syndrome visited the hospital with an ectopically positioned tooth. A pulmonary stenosis was diagnosed and his growth and development were delayed. In many cases of this diseases there is obvious hemostasis, which he was not experiencing. His facial appearance showed characteristic features of Noonan syndrome. The patient showed a dental class II relationship, labioversion of the upper anterior teeth, and a shallow overbite. Radiographic examination revealed that the upper right canine was ectopically positioned, which led to root resorption of the upper right lateral incisor. A lateral cephalometric radiograph revealed a craniofacial pattern that was within normal limits. Surgical opening and button attachment on the impacted upper right canine were performed and traction was applied on the impacted tooth using a removable appliance. This patient was mildly affected by Noonan syndrome and showed some dental problems. However, few studies have reported the oral characteristics of Noonan syndrome despite its high incidence. Thus, this case report describes the oral features and management of Noonan syndrome.
Approximate empirical equations obtained by measuring overall noise levels at different distances have been used to evaluate environmental influence of the railway noise though the accurate prediction of noise levels is important. In this paper, a noise prediction model considering the frequency characteristics of noise sources and propagation was suggested to improve the accuracy of noise prediction. The railway noise source was assorted into track, wheel, traction and aerodynamic components and they were characterized with the source strength and speed coefficient at each octave-band frequency. Correction terms for the acoustic roughness and the track/bridge condition were introduced. The sound attenuation from a source to a receiver was calculated taking account of the geometrical divergence, atmospheric absorption, ground effect, diffraction at obstacles and directivity of source by applying ISO 9613-2. For obtaining the source strength and speed coefficients, the results of rolling noise model, numerical analysis and measurements of pass-by noise were analyzed. We compared the predicted and measured noise levels in various vehicles and tracks, and verified the accuracy of the present model. It is found that the present model gives less error than the conventional one, so that it can be applied to make the accurate prediction of railway noise effect and establish its countermeasures efficiently.
Kim, Jun-Sang;Lee, Seung-Hyuk;Kim, Jin-O;Lee, Jun-Kyung;Jung, Hyun-Soo
Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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v.21
no.1
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pp.42-51
/
2007
An AC electrical railroad system has rapidly changing dynamic single-phase load, and at a feeding substation, three-phase electric power is transformed to the paired directional single-phase electric power. There is a great difference in electrical phenomenon between the load of AC electrical railroad system and that of general power system. Electric characteristics of AC electrical railroad's trainload are changed continuously according to the traction, operating characteristic, operating schedule, track slope, etc. Because of the long feeding distance of the dynamic trainload, power quality problems such as voltage drop, voltage imbalance and harmonic distortion my also occur to AC electrical railroad system. These problems affect not only power system stability, but also power quality deterioration in AC electrical railroad system. The dynamic simulation model of AC electrical railroad system presented by PSCAD/EMTDC is modeled in this paper, andthen, it is analyzed voltage drop for AC electrical railroad system both with single-phase distributed STATCOM(Static Synchronous Compensator) installed at SP(Sectioning Post) and without.
The purpose of this study was to verify that students' interest in team activities for problem solving, the effect of interest on it, and students' changes in perceptions and their behavioral characteristics in the process of problem solving. The study reviewed documents prepared by students, such as work sheets, descriptive questionnaires, works and their photos, student activity photos and observation journals of teachers. The results of this research are as below. First, a problem solving team activity for making a model car was considered an interesting assignment by more than 90% of male/female students. The fact that female students could be more focused on this assignment than male students was discovered. Interest in the assignment not only had an influence on the points from the start (the blueprint) to the end (model cars completed based upon the designs) of problem solving, but also provided the traction power behind the assignment. Second, the problem solving team activity allowed the students to change their existing recognition (thoughts) while positively taking a lead or indirectly utilizing various learning experiences (including experiences of failure). Third, $2^{nd}$ graders in middle school had a tendency to solve problems in dependently rather than to receive help from others when they encountered problematic situations.
The variation characteristics of radon concentration, equilibrium equivalent concentration and equilibrium factor in some houses and laboratory buildings have been studied. The variation of equilibrium factor and the unattached fraction of radon progeny with ventilation condition have been also estimated. The averages of radon concentration, equilibrium equivalent concentration and equilibrium factor were $30\;Bq\;m^{-3},\;19.6\;Bq\;m^{-3}$ and 0.65 in seven houses, while $55.0\;Bq\;m^{-3},\;31.9\;Bq\;m^{-3}$ and 0.58 in three laboratory buildings, respectively. The diurnal variation of radon concentration, equilibrium equivalent concentration and equilibrium factor in indoor showed a typical pattern that the radon concentration, equilibrium equivalent concentration and equilibrium factor increased at dawn and morning, while decreased at midday and evening. While the equilibrium factor rate deceased in the indoor environment which was well ventilated, the unattached traction of radon progeny increased. The equilibrium factor was in proportion to air pressure and humidity of indoor, whereas in Inverse proportion to temperature.
The aim of this study is to examine how heroic characters with supernatural powers are portrayed, and what shortcomings and desires are present in the societies they are born into, with reference to television series with superheroes such as , , and out of many motifs of Korean television fantasy series. The common feature of the superheroes represented in these three dramas is that they are viewed as monsters symbolizing vigilance and alienation instead of being regarded as typical heroes that are the object of praise and admiration. All three dramas criticize the corruption and limitations of bureaucratic powers such as the judiciary, prosecution, and police. The protagonists showcase their heroics by correcting such problems and helping the weak and the victimized by using their supernatural powers. At the same time, they broach uncomfortable topics, highlight truths that some may wish to hide, and also argue the concept of 'normality' and the 'world of naturalness'. For this reason, they are treated as monsters and alienated. Despite being called upon to solve the problems in reality, the deficiencies and contradictions of our society are also revealed by them. The idea of expressing the repressed desires in reality, is similar to the attributes of fantasy in that it criticizes and overthrows reality in order to meet the desires. This study verified not only the subversive characters of fantasy, but also the limitations when such attributes were combined with the characteristics of the medium of television shows. The significance of this study is to give attention to a genre that had previously been neglected by Korean productions but is now gaining traction, and also to suggest many tasks for researching more subdivided and diversified fantasy dramas in the future.
A study on the biological and chemical characteristics in the middle last Sea of Korea was carried out at 31 stations in October $11\~18$, 1995 on board the R/V Tam-Yang. The chlorophyll a concentration, new and regenerated production, and the vertical diffusion of nitrate from the thermocline structure were investigated. From the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a, subsurface maxima were observed near the thermorline at most stations including the frontal zone, except at the southern stations where the maximum chloropyll a concentration occurred at the surface, The nanophytoplankton was the most dominant fraction comprising $83.5\%$ of total phytoplankton cell numbers, but netphytoplankton were common at the southern stations where the dominant species were Rhizosolenia sp. Nitrogenous new production and regenerated productions were measured using the stable isotope $^{15}N$ nitrate and ammonia uptake method. The vertically integrated nitrogen production varied between 8.470 and $72.945\;mg\;N\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. The f-ratio, which is the traction of new production from primary production, waried between 0.03 and 0.72, indicating that $3\%$ to $72\%$ of primary production was supported by the input of nutrients from below the euphotic zone and the rest are supported by ammonia recycled within the euphotic layer. This range of f-ratio encompasses from extremely oligotrophic to eutrophic area characteristics. The differences in productivity and f-ratio among stations were related to frontal structure and the bottom topography. The values were high near the frontal zone and low outside of it, and the station near Ulleng Island showed the highest f-ratio. Vertical diffusion coefficients were calculated from both the water column stability (Kz-1) of King and Devol's equation (1979) and new nitrogen requirement (Kz-2). The values of Kz-2 ($0.11\~0.55\;cm^2/s$) were relatively low compared to the values reported previously.
When Korean family planning services began as a part of the National Policy in 1962, the annual population growth was 3.0%. This growth rate has been decreased to 2.0% during last ten year period. And it seems imperative that all hospitals, as well as related organizations, should participate in family planning in order to contribute to achieving the National goal of 1.5% population growth by 1976, the end of the Third Five Year Economic Development Plan. Nurses should be considered the most important human resources in charge of the core of family planning services in any setting. For the family planning services in the general hospital setting, nurses as a core members contribute much as change agent, motivators, counsellors, educators etc. A nurse can work with patients and their relatives when she is equipped with relevant knowledge and skills. Fur the more family planning cannot be ignored even in hospital setting where more comprehensive nursing care is needed Thus, the general objective of this study is to provide baseline data for better programming of In-service education in family planning so that effective hospital family planning nursing services can be made a part of comprehensive nursing care contributing to the national population program and human welfare. In order to meet the general objective, this study has the following specific objectives : 1. To find out the general characteristics of the clinical nurses working in Y Hospital 2. To evaluate their attitudes and practices of family planning 3. To assess their knowledge, attitudes and practices of population and family planning as professional nurses. 4. To examine and compare data collecting methods for the planning of an In-service Educational Program 5. To explore the contents to be included in this In-service Education Program. The study population randomly selected one hundred nurses working in Y Hospital A cross-sectional survey with questionnaires developed for this study was chosen for the study method. To collect reliable data, the questionnaires were distributed to and answered by the study population in a controlled situation. X²test and t-test was employed in analyzing the data. The findings of this study are as follows: 1. Y Hospital nurses had a lower ideal number of children (X=2.02) and showed no strong preference for male children, and 74% of them expressed the desire to use permanent methods of birth control 2. of this thirty Y Hospital nurses who were married 66.7% stated they were already practicing contraceptive methods. Most of them preferred male methods of contraception. 3. According to objective evaluation about knowledge of various aspects of population and family planning, respondents from collegiate programs significantly knew better the subjects on the average than did respondents from diploma programs of nursing. 4. There was a marked difference in the results of self-evaluation and objective evaluation in their family planning knowledge. It was found that the self-evaluation family planning knowledge seemed to be unreliable. Accordingly, the objective test methods appeared to be more reliable in the evaluation of knowledge levels. 5. The subject areas needed to be included in In-service education for the Hospital family planning services in Y Hospital are 1) rhythm methods, 2) tubal-legation, 3) family planning effects of contraceptives, 4) population growth, 5) demographic traction, 6) population structure and 7) infant mortality facts. In addition, 1) various oral contraceptives, 2) basal temperature method, 3) laparoscopic female sterilization, 4) interfering factors of family planning, 5) anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive organs were additional areas to be taught to respondents from 3-year diploma schools of nursing. Demographic transition was one subject area in which the four-year graduates need further study. 6. Population problems guidance and counselling in family planning instruction in the theory and practice of contraceptives should be included in future In-service Education Programs in order to provide more effective hospital Family Planning Services, stated 77.0% of the respondents.
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