• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.789-803
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to compare the usefulness between Gaussian dispersion model and receptor model with the experimental result of the dispersion tracing of the particulate pollutants from Taean coal-fired power plants. For this purpose, the component analysis of the collected PM 10 samples was performed. In order to trace the pollution sources, factor analysis was done with the result of the component analysis. As a result of the correlativity analysis of the fifteen power plants' profiles offered by US EPA, the correlativity of No.11202 source profile showed highest rate up to 84.5%. Thus it was adopted as proper one and the contribution rate by each pollution source was calculated by Chemical Mass Balance (CMB)-8 model. The contribution rate, which was the effect rate of the power plants on each measuring point, were calculated with a range of 24∼52％ and the standard error was below 0.9 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥. This indicates the selection of the source profile was appropriate. Also, the concentrations of each point were calculated by the ISCST3 which is suggested by US EPA as one of the regulatory Gaussian dispersion model. The calculation result showed that the predicted concentration was 50∼58 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, comparing with the measured result of 9∼65 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥. It was found that the concentration calculated by ISCST3 was underpredicted. It was thought that the receptor model was more favorable than the Gaussian dispersion model in estimating the effect of the particulate matter on a certain receptive point.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.351-360
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• 2017

In this study, we developed emission factors from solid-fuel fired combustors. In order to increase the reliability of emission factors, we conducted a joint research with the Institute of Health and Environment. As a result, PM average concentration was $8.19mg/m^3$. $SO_2$ and $NO_x$ were respectively 8.46 ppm, 50.64 ppm. Hazardous air pollutants such as Cr, Pb and Hg were detected in trace amounts continuously for 2 years in some solid-fuel fired combustors. The emission factors for the three kinds of PM, $SO_x$, $NO_x$ were developed based on the measurement data. For the PM emission factors, that of SRF was 15.93 g/kg and that of Bio-SRF was 14.18 g/kg. Compared with those of US. EPA, emission factors of this study showed the results of low values. $SO_x$ emission factors were 4.42 g/kg for SRF and 1.39 g/kg for Bio-SRF. $NO_x$ emission factors were 13.21 g/kg and 4.43 g/kg, respectively. Through the results of this study, we would support atmospheric administration policies such as the emission factor notification revision.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.522-531
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• 2006

This study has been conducted to evaluate the influence of ambient heavy metals to the air quality and to find their sources in Ulsan. Korea. The distribution characteristics of ambient heavy metals with wind direction were investigated by using pollution-rose diagram. Carcinogenic risk for five trace heavy metals (Pb. Cd, Cr, Mn, and Ni), which are classified to carcinogenic material by US EPA, are assessed according to the classification system of USEPA and WHO. According to pollution-rose calculation on pollutants sources, Pb and Cu in Deoksin, which is an adjacent to Onsan industrial complexes, were $0.1058\;and\;0.3242{\mu}g/m^3$. These concentration levels are the highest at all sampling sites. From this result we could confirm that it was affected by Onsan industrial complex that is located northeast of Deoksin.,And the maximum concentration of Cd, Cr, and Ni were $0.0306,\;0.0102,\;and\;0.0146\;{\mu}g/m^{3} in Yeocheon respectively. Because Yeocheon is in the Mipo industrial complexes, which have many combustors, incinerators, and manufacturing facilities compared to other regions. In carcinogenic risk assessment, Pb, Ni, and Mn concentration level at six sampling sites were lower than the risk level guideline values ($10^{-5}$) of WHO. However, $Cr^{6+}$ and Cd concentration in Yeocheon were 60% and 205% higher than the guideline values of WHO. Therefore it is very important that the emission from industrial complexes were carefully managed and controlled to improve air quality in residential area.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.469-477
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• 1994

Many researchers have investigated most representative sequential extraction method using various reagents for determining the chemical forms of metals in soils and sediments. In this paper, a newly modified method for sequential extraction scheme based on Tessier's method by Environmental Geochemistry Research, Centre for Environmental Technology, Imperial College, was introduced and examined. In comparison with Tessier's method, originally designed for sediment analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), the sequential extraction scheme has been developed for the multi-element analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The partitioning of particulate trace elements was classified into five fractions: (i) exchangeable, (ii) bound to carbonates or specially adsorbed, (iii) bound to Fe and Mn oxides, (iv) bound to organic matter and sulphides and (v) residuals. The experimental results of the pilot study for in-house reference material (HRM2) and certified international standard reference material (SRM2711) using the modified method showed not only reasonable precision and accuracy but also acceptable overall recovery rates. In addition, mine dump soils sampled in the Dalsung Cu-W mine, Korea were prepared and sequentially extracted using the method. Most of Cu was bound to organic matter/sulphides and residual fractions. The dominant fraction of soil Pb and Zn in the study area was found in the residuals. The fraction of Cd showed a wide variation between samples and could be found bound to the carbonates or specially adsorbed, oxides, organic fraction and residuals. The recovery rates of Cd, however, were poor due to relatively low Cd concentrations in soils. The heavy metals in these mine dumps appear to be in the more inert forms and should not be readily bioavailable. The soils, however, had very low pH values (average 4.1) and had sandy textures; consequently, rapid infiltration of rainfall may increase leaching of Zn and Cd which were found to be around 5 to 10% of the exchangeable fraction. As a result of the investigation of this study, it has been strongly recommended that these mine waste materials should still be considered a significant contaminant source and will need environmental remediation to prevent pollutants from being released into the environment.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.314-321
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• 2020

This study evaluated the applicability of UV-AOP process using medium-pressure UV lamp and H₂O₂ to remove TOC and emerging micropollutants in the effluent from a sewage treatment plant. The UV lamp with higher output(1.6~8.0 kW) showed slightly higher amount of power in removing TOC of 1 mg/L(0.09 kWh/mg/L~0.11 kWh/mg/L), however it was found that there was no significant difference for each cases. In addition, under the condition that the H₂O₂ concentration is sufficient, as the power consumption of the UV lamp increases, the unit TOC removal concentration per unit H₂O₂ decomposition concentration also increases, resulting in effective removal of TOC. The removal rate of 7 new trace contaminants, such as antibiotics by the UV-AOP tested, was at least 89.4%, and the ability to remove the emerging micro pollutants in the process was very effective. But, it was judged that it could not be excluded that the probablity of transforming to oxidated by-product in the case of a low TOC removal efficiency. Depending on the operating conditions of the UV and H₂O₂ processes, a higher BOD concentration is found in the treated water than in the influent, and it is necessary to review the UV power and proper injection conditions of H₂O₂ to maintain the BOD concentration increase below a certain level.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2006

생태건축에서 주로 사용되는 목재는 자연환경에서 쉽게 생분해되기 때문에 목재의 내구성 향상을 위하여 각종 방부제나 방화제 또논 도료를 사용한다. 그러나 이들 약품 중에는 살균 및 살충을 위한 각종 독성 중금속이 함유되어 있다. 특히 비바람과 토양에 직접 접촉하는 지반(foundation)과 외장벽(exterior wall)에 사용되는 목재는 인체에 독성이 강한 CCA (chromated copper arsenate)로 처리하는 경우가 많다. 더욱이 건축 폐재는 법률적으로 소각하도록 규정되어 있어 재활용되지 않는 한, 소각 시 발생하는 배출물질 중 대기환경을 오염시키는 다양한 물질을 방출하여 호흡기 질병을 유발하고, 토양 매립시는 용출되어 토양을 오염시킨다. 따라서 건축용 목재로 사용되는 편백나무와 CCA처리된 미국산 Hemlock외에, 목재로부터 제조되어 시판되고 있는 유기질 비료와 하수 슬렷지, 건류목탄과 백탄에 함유된 중금속이온을 분석한 결과 다음과 같았다. 1) 미량원소분석을 위하여 시료 용해에 사용된 분석시약과 용수 중에 함유된 불순물이 분석결과에 영향을 미치기 때문에 체계적이고 전문적인 분석시스템 개발과 전문가가 필요하였다. 2) 특히 생화학적으로 전처리된 유기질비료와 슬렷지 또는 열화학적으로 전처리된 건류목탄과 백탄은 [$HNO_3+HF$] 혼합액으로 3회이상 처리하여도 완전 용해되지는 않았다. 3) 약품 전처리가 없는 목재의 경우, 열처리한 목탄이나 유기질퇴비는 환경오염을 초래하지 않았다. 4) 목재의 내구향상을 위하여 CCA 처리 목재는 유기질 비료 기준과 토양 환경 기준치를 크게 초과하여 토양에 매립하면, 심각한 토양오염을 야기할 것이다. 따라서 CCA처리된 토목건축용 목재는 특정 폐기물로 규정하여 별도 처리가 필요하고, 최종 처리될 때는 환경 친화적 소각이나 매립을 위하여서는 오염된 중금속을 분리한 후 목재성분만을 이용하는 바이오메스 폐기기술개발이 필요한 반면, 미래에는 환경 친화적인 저독성 또는 무독성 목재 방부제 개발이 필요하다.

• 분석과학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.131-139
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• 2001

인체모발중의 각종 미량원소의 함량에는 개인차가 있으며, 개인의 성장환경, 음식물의 섭취, 혈통, 성별, 나이, 직업 등에 의해 함량의 차이를 보이고 있으므로 생활환경으로부터의 외부오염과 음식섭취 및 대사작용을 통한 모발조직내 축적의 정도를 비교하기 위해 인체 모발시료를 채취하여 IAEA의 추천 방법을 이용하여 세척 전후로 나눠 중성자방사화분석법을 이용하여 비파괴 분석하였다. 분석정도관리는 인증표준시료를 이용하였고 Cu, Cr, Na, Co, Mg, As, Se, Zn 등의 상대오차는 ${\pm}5%$ 이내, Mn, Ca, Fe, Sr 등의 원소들은 ${\pm}10%$ 이내였으며, 상대표준편차는 대부분 ${\pm}10%$ 이내였다. 일반인 그룹의 모발을 전두부, 후두부, 좌우두부, 정두부 등 5개 부위에서 채취, 분석하여 개인편차와 부위편차를 추정하였다. 측정원소의 개인편차가 부위편차보다 컸으며, 최대 7배 까지인 것으로 나타났다. 정해진 분석조건에서 사무원과 공장근로자 그룹을 대상으로 두 그룹간의 함량 편차, 생활환경과 모발내 우소의 함량수준간의 연관성을 비교하여 인체 보건환경 평가를 위한 기초 자료로 이용할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 분석과학
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.141-150
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• 1999

영산강 수계 광주천, 황룡강, 지석천, 영산강 상류 유역내에 분포된 9개 업종 76개 배출원의 원폐수 및 방류수로부터 20개 유기화학물질 tetrachloroethylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, m-xylene, isopropyl benzene, stylene, bromobenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 2-chlorotoluene 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, p-isopropyltoluene, 4-chlorotoluene, n-butylbenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, naphthalene, tert-butylbenzene, sec-butylbenzene, phenol, isopropyl benzene hydroperoxide를 액체-액체 추출법으로 분리하여 기체 크로마토그래피/질량 분석계(GC/MS)로 분석하였고, 포준품과 비교함으로써 밝혔다. 특히, 화학업종의 원폐수에는 검출되지 않았으나 방류수에는 폐놀과 이소프로필벤젠 하이드로퍼옥사이드가 검출되었다. 중금속 Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, Al, Fe은 모든 업종의 원폐수에 대부분 함유되어 있었으며, 이중 Fe와 Al은 다른 중금속에 비행 원폐수에 다소 많이 검출되었다. Cr, Cd, Pb, As은 전기전자, 금속업종의 원폐수에서 다소 많은 양이 함유되었으며, 이러한 9개 중금속들은 폐수처리과정에서 거의 처리가 되어 방류수에는 환경 기준 이하로 검출되거나 불검출되었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.543-553
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• 2010

Almost five million citizens a day are using subways as a means of traffic communication in the Seoul metropolitan. As the subway system is typically a closed environment, indoor air pollution problems frequently occurs and passengers complain of mal-health impact. Especially $PM_{10}$ is well known as one of the major pollutants in subway indoor environments. The purpose of this study was to compare the indoor air quality in terms of $PM_{10}$ and to quantitatively compare its source contributions in a Seoul subway platform before and after installing platform screen doors (PSD). $PM_{10}$ samples were collected on the J station platform of Subway Line 7 in Seoul metropolitan area from Jun. 12, 2008 to Jan. 12, 2009. The samples collected on membrane filters using $PM_{10}$ mini-volume portable samplers were then analyzed for trace metals and soluble ions. A total of 18 chemical species (Ba, Mn, Cr, Cd, Si, Fe, Ni, Al, Cu, Pb, Ti, $Na^+$, $NH_4^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, and ${SO_4}^{2-}$) were analyzed by using an ICP-AES and an IC after performing proper pre-treatments of each sample filter. Based on the chemical information, positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied to identify the source of particulate matters. $PM_{10}$ for the station was characterized by three sources such as ferrous related source, soil and road dust related source, and fine secondary aerosol source. After installing PSD, the average $PM_{10}$ concentration was decreased by 20.5% during the study periods. Especially the contribution of the ferrous related source emitted during train service in a tunnel route was decreased from 59.1% to 43.8% since both platform and tunnel areas were completely blocked by screen doors. However, the contribution of the fine secondary aerosol source emitted from various outside combustion activities was increased from 14.8% to 29.9% presumably due to ill-managed ventilation system and confined platform space.

• 생태와환경
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.306-315
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• 2019

한강 하구는 오염물질과 병원성 미생물의 유입 및 확산 가능성으로 인해 이곳에 서식하는 수산생물에 피해가 발생할 수 있다. 하지만 지금까지 이 지역 서식 생물에 대한 법정전염병 병원체 감염 여부가 조사된 자료는 찾아보기 힘들다. 본 연구에서는 한강 하구 전류리에 서식하는 수산 생물 중 잉어과 어류와 갑각류를 대상으로 법정전염병(잉어봄바이러스병, SVC; 잉어허피스바이러스병, KHVD; 유행성궤양증후군, EUS; 흰반점병, WSD) 및 기생충의 감염 여부를 조사하였다. 전류리 유역에서 채집된 어류는 잉어과 어류가 가장 많았으며 주연성 어류와 일차 담수어가 같이 관찰되었고, 갑각류는 해산종이 채집되었다. 채집된 잉어과 어류와 갑각류에 대해 PCR을 이용한 법정전염병 검사 결과 이들 질병에 감염된 개체는 없었다. 기생충성 질병 검사 결과 공중보건상 위협요인인 간흡충이 검출되지는 않았지만 일부 어류에서 다른 흡충류의 metacercaria와 nematode, cestode, copepod, 단생충 및 구두충 등의 감염을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과는 아직 한강 하구가 주요 수산생물 전염병 병원체에 심각하게 오염되지 않았음을 의미한다. 그러나 한강의 수질 상태는 지속적으로 변화하고 수서 생태계에 대한 전염병의 파괴력은 예측하기 힘들 정도로 위험하므로, 지속적인 방역 노력이 진행되어야 할 것이다. 이를 위해 조사 지역을 전류리뿐만 아니라 이곳보다 상류로 확대하고 조사 개체 수를 늘려서 질병모니터링을 실시할 필요성이 제기된다.