• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.17-25
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• 2009

The applicability of soil washing/flushing to treat a contaminated soil with cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) using a mixture of organic/inorganic extractant was evaluated in laboratory-scale batch and column tests. Citric acid was the effective extractant to remove Cd and Cu from the soil among various organic acids except EDTA. Carbonic acid was chosen as inorganic extractant which was not only low toxicity to environment, but also increasing soil permeability. Moreover, the optimum ratio of organic and inorganic extractant to remove Cd and Cu was 10 : 1, and this ratio of organic and inorganic extractant achieved removal efficiencies of Cd (46%) and Cu (39%), respectively. The increasing flow rate of extractant could explain the phenomena of soil packing when carbonic acid was used with organic extractant (i.e. EDTA and citric acid). Therefore, a mixture of organic extractant with inorganic extractant, especially carbonic acid, could resolve a problem of soil packing when this extractant was applied to a field application to remove Cd and Cu using in-situ soil flushing process.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.415-428
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• 2007

To investigate the detoxification effect of pork on the lead toxicity, the comparison tests were performed, in which Sprague Dawley(SD) rats were clinically treated with lead during the first 7 weeks and observed the detoxification effects induced by pork feeding during the second 7 weeks. As results of lead intoxication, decreases of body weight, hemoglobin and hematocrit and the increases of weight and relative organ weight of liver and kidney were observed. Also the accumulation of lead in tibia, kidney and liver was recognized. In case of pork feeding at detoxification stage the feed efficiency was significantly increased in pork feeding group rats than the those of control rats. The pork feeding seemed to be a factor affecting relative organ weight of liver and kidney(p<0.05). It was shown that the factors affecting the accumulation of lead in liver included the lead intoxication(p<0.0005), pork feeding(p<0.0005) and interaction of above two(p<0.0005). It was observed that the content of DALAD in liver increased with significance in pork fed group compared with control group regardless of lead treatment levels. From this result, it was considered that pork feeding improved the detoxification process of SD rats intoxicated with lead.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.435-445
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• 2008

Due to internal feeding behavior, the oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta ($Guen\acute{e}e$), infesting hot pepper has been regarded to be effectively controlled by targeting egg and neonate larval stages just before entering the fruits. This study aimed to develop an efficient biological control method focusing on these susceptible stages of H. assulta. An egg parasitoid wasp, Trichogramma evanescens Westwood, was confirmed to parasitize the eggs of H. assulta. A mixture of Gram-positive soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, and Gram-negative entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila ANU101, could effectively kill neonate larvae of H. assulta. A sex pheromone trap monitored the occurrence of field H. assulta adults. The microbial insecticide mixture was proved to give no detrimental effects on immature development and adult survival of the wasp by both feeding and contact toxicity tests. A combined treatment of egg parasitoid and microbial pesticide was applied to hot pepper fields infested by H. assulta. The mixture treatment of both biological control agents significantly decreased the fruit damage, which was comparable to the chemical insecticide treatment, though either single biological control agent did not show any significant control efficacy. This study also provides morphological and genetic characters of T. evanescens.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1699-1705
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• 2015

Background: Medication errors in oncology may cause severe clinical problems due to low therapeutic indices and high toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. We aimed to investigate unintentional medication errors and underlying factors during chemotherapy preparation and administration based on a systematic survey conducted to reflect oncology nurses experience. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in 18 adult chemotherapy units with volunteer participation of 206 nurses. A survey developed by primary investigators and medication errors (MAEs) defined preventable errors during prescription of medication, ordering, preparation or administration. The survey consisted of 4 parts: demographic features of nurses; workload of chemotherapy units; errors and their estimated monthly number during chemotherapy preparation and administration; and evaluation of the possible factors responsible from ME. The survey was conducted by face to face interview and data analyses were performed with descriptive statistics. Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used for a comparative analysis of categorical data. Results: Some 83.4% of the 210 nurses reported one or more than one error during chemotherapy preparation and administration. Prescribing or ordering wrong doses by physicians (65.7%) and noncompliance with administration sequences during chemotherapy administration (50.5%) were the most common errors. The most common estimated average monthly error was not following the administration sequence of the chemotherapeutic agents (4.1 times/month, range 1-20). The most important underlying reasons for medication errors were heavy workload (49.7%) and insufficient number of staff (36.5%). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the probability of medication error is very high during chemotherapy preparation and administration, the most common involving prescribing and ordering errors. Further studies must address the strategies to minimize medication error in chemotherapy receiving patients, determine sufficient protective measures and establishing multistep control mechanisms.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.172-178
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• 2005

[ $21{\alpha}$ ]- and ${\beta}$-Methylmelianodiol were isolated as the inhibitor of IL-5 bioactivity from Poncirus tripoliata. To develope as an anti-septic drug, the genotoxicity of $21{\alpha}\;-and\;{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ was subjected to high throughput toxicity screening (HTTS) because they revealed strong IL-5 inhibitory activity and limitation of quantity. Mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase ($tk^{+/-}$) gene assay (MOLY), single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay in mammalian cells and Ames reverse mutation assay in bacterial system were used as simplified, inexpensive, short-term in vitro screening tests in our laboratory. These compounds are not mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Before performing the comet assay, $IC_{20}$ of $21{\alpha}-methylmelianodiol$ was determined the concentration of $25.51\;{\mu}g/mL\;and\;21.99\;{\mu}g/mL$ with and without S-9, respectively. Also $21{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ was determined the concentration of $24.15\;{\mu}g/mL\;and\;\;22.46\;{\mu}g/mL$ with and without S-9, respectively. In the comet assay, DNA damage was not observed both $21{\alpha}-methylmelianodiol\;and\;21{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ in mouse lymphoma cell line. Also, the mutant frequencies in the treated cultures were similar to the vehicle controls, and none of $21{\alpha}\;-and\;{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ with and without S-9 doses induced a mutant frequency over. twice the background. It is suggests that $21{\alpha}\;-and\;{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ are non-mutagenic in MOLY assay. The results of this battery of assays indicate that $21{\alpha}\;-and\;{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ have no genotoxic potential in bacterial or mammalian cell systems. Therefore, we suggest that $21{\alpha}\;-and\;{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$, as the optimal candidates with both no genotoxic potential and IL-5 inhibitory effects must be chosen.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1308-1312
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• 2016

Heavy metals such as gallium (Ga) cause serious physiological damage to exposed organisms, mostly of aquatic species. Ga one of the inter-metallic, transition elements increasingly being used in making high-speed semiconductors, such as Ga arsenide. The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of Ga on acute toxicity, serum biochemical changes, and erythrocyte morphological changes in the blood stream of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Median lethal concentrations were determined in acute tests. The 96 hr $LC_{50}$ value was 9.15 mg/ml. Goldfish were exposed to different Ga concentrations (2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/ml) for 30 days to assess its toxic effects. The results indicate that the measured serum biochemistry parameters (including glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, and triglyceride) of the Ga-exposed fish groups differed significantly from the untreated fish group. In addition, a change in the erythrocytes' morphology at a high concentration (8.0 mg/ml) of Ga exposure shows respiratory problems. Our results suggest that 2.0 mg/ml is proposed as a biologically safe concentration that can be used for establishing tentative water quality criteria concerning the same-size goldfish.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.665-675
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• 2010

The effects of chemical binders (ladle slag, ordinary portland cement (OPC), hydroxyapatite and calcium hydroxide) on the solidification/stabilization of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in sewage sludge were evaluated by chemical leaching tests such as EDTA extraction, TCLP and sequential extraction. The results of EDTA extraction showed that heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludge were highly reduced after solidification/stabilization with slag, cement or calcium hydroxide. However, EDTA interrupted solidification/stabilization of heavy metals by hydroxyapatite. The TCLP-extracted heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludge after solidification/stabilization with chemical amendments were highly reduced. However, Cu concentration in the sewage sludge solidified/stabilized with slag, cement or calcium hydroxide increased because the pH of TCLP solution was higher than 7. Mixtures of sludge 1 : slag 0.2 : calcium hydroxide 0.1 (wt ratio) showed the least leachability in batch TCLP and EDTA extraction. The results of sequential extraction (SM&T, formaly BCR) indicated that the distribution of heavy metals changed from exchangable and carbonate fractions to strongly bound organic fraction. It was found that maximum leachate concentrations of Ba, Cd, Cr and Pb from sewage sludge amended with slag and calcium hydroxide were far below US EPA TCLP regulations.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 2012

Through our entire life, oral care products such as toothpaste are used. Thus the safety of oral care products used every day to our mouth is very important. As the previous study in animal tests or clinical trials, surfactant in toothpaste may cause the oral irritation. However, EU cosmetics legislation prohibits animal testing of cosmetics and its ingredient for animal welfare. Therefore the development of alternative in vitro test has been actively performed to replace or reduce using the animal in many areas. However, the way to evaluate oral mucosal toxicity has been done using animal models or clinical trials from now on. Even more, the experiment with human oral 3D tissue or human oral cell line is used recently. The aim of this study is the development of oral mucosal irritation method without using animal for the safety of the oral care product. We developed in vitro test method for oral irritation by using human oral cell line (YD-38 cell) acceptable to toothpaste which contains insoluble material. By the results of this assay, we could discriminate toothpaste with or without irritating substance as same manner in animal studies reported previously. In addition, we confirmed that toothpaste for babies and children toothpaste irritated oral musoca lower than the general adult toothpaste. The present study suggest that this new in vitro method by using human oral cell line (YD-38 cell) could be used for evaluation of oral irritation without using animal.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2017

This study investigated the anti-inflammatory activities and cell viability of Amelanchier asiatica (A. asiatica) 70% ethanol extracts against RAW 264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell toxicity test on macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) was performed by 3-[4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay and results showed 96% cell viability at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. Anti-inflammatory activity was examined via the inhibitory tests on the production of LPS induced NO in RAW 264.7 cells by Griess assay. The result showed that the extract inhibited NO production in concentration dependent manner. The iNOS and COX-2 protein expression inhibitory effects were confirmed by western blot and by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). From the former they were decreased by 84.3%, 56.2% at $500{\mu}g/mL$ concentration, respectively, and from the latter decreased by 89.8%, 84.9% at $500{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. In conclusion, this study showed the anti-inflammatory effects of A. asiatica extracts. Thus, this could be applied to an anti-inflammatory agent.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.353-361
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• 2019

Using Fervidobacterium islandicum AW-1, keratin peptides were produced and confirmed factors related to the scalp and hair. The cytotoxicity and proliferation tests as a function of the concentration of the keratin peptide did not show toxicity and effect on the cellular proliferation in the immortalized human hair dermal papilla cell line. Hair shampoos and hair essences containing keratin peptides were produced, and conducted human patch test. Result showed no skin irritation. The shampoo and the essence were apploed to 2 groups of 30 healthy adults for 4 weeks and showed statistically significant positive results for gloss, hair loss, scalp trouble, and hair roughness by visual assessment. The scalp water content was significantly increased after 2 and 4 weeks compared to before using the shampoo or the essence. Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and the sebum secretion amount in the scalp were significantly decreased after 4 weeks compared to before. The frictional force against combing before and after using the hair shampoo and the essence for normal hair tress and damaged hair tress was significantly changed. The combing force was increased for normal hair tress and decreased for damaged hair tress. In conclusion, we suggest that keratin peptides are appropriated as cosmetic ingredients to be used in hair and scalp related products.