• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2016

Heavy metal pollution in agricultural fields at the abandoned metal mines has been serious problems in Korea. In order to manage heavy metal pollution in surface water and soil, numerous remediation strategies have been established. Therefore, main purpose of this research was to examine feasibility of ecological toxicity assessment for establishing management strategy in heavy metal polluted agricultural fields. Heavy metal concentration in surface water and soil was monitored along with ecotoxicity experiment with Daphnia magna and Eisenia fetida. Result showed that high toxicity was observed in heavily polluted agricultural field with heavy metals. In case of mortality of Daphnia magna (85%) and Eisenia fetida (6.7%), the highest ratio was observed when heavy metal concentration in surface and soil was high. Calculated ecotoxicity index (EI) ranged 0.06-0.30 and the highest EI was observed in heavily polluted sites among 5 abandoned metal mines. Overall, ecological toxicity assessment is necessary to evaluate heavy metal pollution in agricultural fields near at the abandoned metal mines along with chemical concentration analysis.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1351-1357
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• 2010

Water monitoring equipments using daphnia can be used to monitor the pollution levels of a country's main rivers. Such equipments should be capable of providing a prompt warning about increase in the contamination levels, which is evaluated on the basis of impulse number or toxicity index. As unmanned remote control equipments, they must provide reliable pollution monitoring results for each season and for the annual physical changes in each river. Two different equipments based on the impulse number and toxicity index showed different results for the operating rates and for the number of emergency checks required even though both were operated at the same conditions. The results are affected by many parameters such as the presence of any air bubbles and the microscopic pressure. The purpose of this study is to develop a method that can reduce the effect of bubbles or microscopic pressure on the monitoring data. We expect to achieve reliable monitoring data for water pollutants irrespective of the location of the equipment setup.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.705-711
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• 2016

In this experiment, embryos of Asian toad, Bufo gargarizans, were investigated to evaluate toxicity of chemicals along FETAX(Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus) protocol. Asian toad, Bufo gargarizans, embryos incubated and investigation of Zn and Benomyl effect by probit analysis. As a result, depends on the concentrations of Zn and Benomyl, mortality and malformation rates were increases and larval body length were decreased. The teratogenic concentration($EC_{50}$) of Zn and Benomyl were 2.3, $1.0mg/{\ell}$, respectively and the embryo lethal concentration($LC_{50}$) Zn and Benomyl were 10.3, 6.9, respectively. The teratogenic index(TI) were 4.4 in Zn and 6.7 in Benomyl, thus showed teratogenicity in embryonic development of B. gargarizans. These results reveal that Zn and Benomyl in this experiment suppressed the development of embryos at relatively low concentration. Much of B. gargarizans embryos can be secured, and easy to incubate. In addition, mortality, malformation ratios, malformation patterns and growth rates are similar to the results from the other assay systems. Therefore, the B. gargarizans embryo teratogenesis assay system could be a useful tool to evaluate toxicity of pollutants in environment.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.144-154
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• 2007

The acute and chronic toxicity of ambient and effluent water discharged to Lake Shihwa were investigated by using Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and Oryzias latipes. Physicochemical characteristics including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and nine heavy metals in a total of 15 water samples were evaluated and were satisfied with relevant Korean Water Quality Standards (KWQS) except for Hg in one sample. Acute toxicity was observed in five samples collected from three sampling locations. When impacts on reproduction and growth after chronic exposure were evaluated with D. magna, all the samples showed significant chronic effects. Reproduction appeared relatively more sensitive endpoint. In 21 days chronic tests on O. latipes, survival, mean egg number per female per day, hatching success rate and time to hatch were affected by increasing sample concentration. The organ-level changes such as gonadosomatic index (GSI), and hepatosomatic index (HSI), and molecular biomarker of vitellogenin (Vtg) induction that evaluated with O. latipes increased as exposure concentrations increased. It is noteworthy that the samples that did not exceed the KWQS resulted in acute and chronic toxicities. The results suggested that numeric criteria based on physicochemical parameters may not be protective of aquatic ecosystem. Acute and chronic toxicity tests with organisms representing different trophic groups should be supplemented in order to provide adequate level of environmental protection.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

In this study, TI(Toxic Index) of Daphnia toximeter corresponded to ecological toxicity standard 1 TU(Toxic Unit) was set up using Daphnia toximeter and when operating NOEC(water quality standards for drinking water) and $EC_{50}$ Daphnia toximeter alarm was issued appropriately, which enables real time ecological toxicity evaluation. I studied to get a good shot and the research was conducted by investigating domestic and international related data and conducting a preliminary study. 6 of 59 hazardous substances (As, Hg, Cr, Diazinon, Dioxane, and Phenol) recommended by the water quality monitoring items for artificial river water were selected and static, dynamic and quality management test, TI was shown to be good in other materials except Diazinon, and as a result of $EC_{50}$ spiking test, TI was matched to TU by distinguishing between 1 TU and 1 TU. in suggesting the complementary point of ecological toxicity management system and the future of research on water Daphnia toximeter.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.57-63
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• 2016

In this study, the toxicity of combustion products of wood-based materials (MDF, OSB) were analyzed using experimental animal techniques. The average deed stopping time of MDF was shorter than that of OSB. This means that the toxicity of the combustion products of MDF is higher than that of OSB. To analyze the cause of the result quantitatively, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of the gas phase materials was performed. Qualitative analysis result, CO and $CO_2$ were detected. Quantitative analysis results, the gas generation rate was higher in OSB than in MDF. Blood analysis of mice revealed, COHb to be higher in OSB than MDF. A correlation between the gas generation rate and COHb was found. Currently, the toxicity of the combustion products of the materials is being examined using the toxicity index, such as Fractional Effective Dose (FED). The FED is based on the gas emissions. The average deed stopping time decreased with increasing toxicity of exposed material. On the other hand, the result of this study showed that, the CO emissions of OBS were 186.5% that of MDF. The COHb of OSB was > 129.6% that of MDF. Nevertheless, the average deed stopping time of the OSB is 51 seconds longer than that of MDF. Therefore, more toxicity studies on factors other than the gas phase materials in the combustion products will be needed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.706-713
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dietary FERMKIT, a commercial toxin binder consisting of probiotic-fermented natural product containing chitin, chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides ($FERMKITO^{(R)}$, EASY-BIO SYSTEM, Inc., Korea), in binding aflatoxin (AF) and zearalenone (ZEN) and ameliorating their mycotoxicity in meat type ducks. FERMKIT was supplemented to AF contaminated diets (at 120 ppb) at either 0.3 or 0.6% in experiment 1 and to ZEN contaminated diets (at 150 ppb) at 0.6% in experiment 2. In experiment 1 body weight gains were reduced by 37% and mortality was increased by 18% in ducks fed diet contaminated with AF at 120 ppb compared to ducks fed control diet (<10 ppb AF) for the 4-wk experimental period. However, dietary FERMKIT supplementation effectively alleviated overall toxicity induced by AF. The significant treatment-related changes in feather growth, web-toe hemorrhage, leg deformity, liver paleness, organ weights, hematological values and serum biochemical values, as compared to the control, were observed. The FERMKIT supplementation significantly diminished the adverse effects of AF and restored all the parameters measured back (<0.05) toward the control values. These findings indicated that FERMKIT, when added at the levels of 0.3 or 0.6% in the 120 ppb AF diets, could modulate the toxicity of AF with percentage sorption capacity of 52.70% at the level 0.3% and 79.85% at the level 0.6% of the diets (experiment 1). In experiment 2, FERMKIT, when added at 0.6% to the 150 ppb ZEN diets for the 4-wk experimental period, diminished the toxicity as shown by body weight gain, weights of testicles, oviducts, Bursa of Fabricius and cloaca eversion score as compared with the controls (<10 ppb ZEN) and 150 ppb ZEN diet with no added FERMKIT. The findings indicated that FERMKIT could be protective against the effects of ZEN in young growing ducks with percentage sorption capacity of 67.11% as evaluated from toxicity index parameter measured when added at 0.6% of the diets containing 150 ppb ZEN.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.119-133
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• 2005

Traditional herbal medicine is widely used among the Korean people, and other eastern Asian countries employ similar therapies as well. In recent years, due to increasing interest in herbal medicines, many researches have been made on the toxicity and side effects of herbal medications. Through private and public media, there have been many opinions suggesting taking herbal medicines is very harmful, especially on the liver and kidney functions. This assertion has been mainly presented by the doctors that practice western medicine, But this assertion is never based on adequate knowledge of herbal medicine. This study aims to provide the evidences that taking herbal medicines is safe on the renal functions. Four frequently used herbal medications(Sipjeondaebotang, Bojungigitang, Ojeoksan, and Yukmijihwangtang) were used to test the toxicity of herbal medicine oh the lab animal model(SD-Rat). There is no significant difference in body weight and kidney weight after herbal medication for 1 month. In all experimental groups, no abnormal findings were observed in histological study, and lab renal function index(BUN, creatinine, uric acid). These results say that four herbal multi-used-medicines, when medicated, is safe from the renal toxicity in lab animal model.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.327-335
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• 2016

This study aimed to evaluate the potential toxicity and safety of ethyl hydrogen adipate (EHA) by determining its effect on the reproductive function and development of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at dose levels of 0 (control), 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/day. One male and five females of the 800 mg/kg/day died. Body weight loss was observed in the males of the 800 mg/kg/day and in females of the 400 and 800 mg/kg/day. In addition, mating indices decreased and pre-implantation loss rates increased in parental animals of the 400 and 800 mg/kg/day. The gestation index decreased in the male and female rats of the 800 mg/kg/day. Moreover, the body weight of the pups from the 800 mg/kg/day group decreased on post-parturition day 4. These results indicated that the no-observed-adverse-effect level of EHA for parental males and females was 400 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day, respectively, and that for pups was 400 mg/kg/day.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2012

Object: The aim of this study is to suggest a list of priority chemicals for the Hazard & Risk Evaluation of Chemicals (HREC) controlled by the Industrial Safety and Health Act (ISHA). Method: Screening assessment was done for 642 chemicals whose exposure threshold limit values were set by the Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL). Hazard data were collected from Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency (KOSHA) and/or other toxicity database. Exposure data were obtained from KOSHA internal database. The hazard and exposure scores of chemicals were listed by order of priority in accordance with GHS classification and exposure index data. Result: From the result of screening risk assessment for 642 chemicals, we extracted a list of 13 priority chemicals for HREC performed by the ISHA. A priority list of 27 chemicals which have carcinogen, mutagen and/or reproductive toxicity but not controlled by the ISHA was suggested for additional evaluation as "chemicals for special management".