• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2000

Photobacterium phosphoreum was used for the study of bioluminescence response to toxic substances including phenol, As2O3, SoO2, and CrO3 in view of developing monitoring system. measurement of inhibition of bioluminescence in P. phosphoreum has been proposed as a sensitive and raped procedure to monitor toxic substances. The concentration of toxic substance causing 50% light reduction(EC50) in bioluminescence intensity was determined with free and immobilized P. phosphoreum, The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for bioluminescence emission were found to be 400ppm for As2O3, 800ppm for phenol, 60ppm for SeO2 and 60ppm for CrO3 , respectively. The linear correlation between Gamma value and the concentration of toxic substances was obtained and EC50 wa calculated from the linear correlation. The free cells were shown to be more sensitive to toxic substances than cells immobilized on Sr-alginate and Ca-alginate. However, the linear regression curves were derived from the Sr-alginate immobilized cells indicating the immobilization method in s useful tool for monitoring of toxic substances under the more stable condition of bioluminescence.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.484-490
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• 1999

Various materials including sodium alginate, k-carrageenan, collagen and polyacrylamide were studied in order to maintain the stability of bioluminescence of Photobacterium for the monitoring of volatile toxic substances. Kinetic parameters of specific rate($\mu$), and gamma(${\gamma}$) value were determined for the relationship between bioluminescence of immobilized P. phosphoreum and toxic substances. The bioluminescence intensity was found to be proportional to the concentration of toxic substances and the free cells were shown to be more sensitive than immobilized cells when volatile substances were exposed to the cells. Bioluminescence increased slightly after several minutes, which was due to the volatility of toxic compounds. Furthermore, P. phosphoreum immobilized on strontium alginate was better than cells immobilized on sodium alginate for the response to substances used.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2022

Qualifying quantities (upper tier (UT) and lower tier (LT)) are designated for the regulation of toxic substances. In this study, we aimed to establish systematic criteria for the qualifying quantities by comparing the South of Korea chemical control act with the European Seveso III Directive (Seveso III). In Seveso III, qualifying quantities are defined as "hazard categories" applying GHS (Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals), and LTR (lower-tier requirements) and UTR (upper-tier requirements) are determined. The Pro HC (proposed hazard categories) were relevant to the GHS classification of toxic substances and were compared with the currently regulated qualifying quantities. Furthermore, we estimated the Pro LTR (proposed lower-tier requirements) and Pro UTR (proposed upper-tier requirements) corresponding to each Pro HC. Consequently, it was supposed that LT and UT were selected based on GHS like those of Seveso III. Therefore, designation criteria for qualifying quantities should be established by setting the Pro HC such as in Seveso III, rather than designating the qualifying quantities of toxic substances by itself individually. In addition, qualifying quantities should not be delegated to GHS classifications (H302, H341, H411) that do not meet the criteria for the designation of toxic substances, and the corresponding substances should be excluded from classification as toxic substances. This study provides insights into the selection of hazard categories and criteria for qualifying quantities of toxic substances.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.209-220
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• 2022

Objectives: This study was performed to suggest how to re-establish criterion for toxic substances under the Chemical Control Act (CCA) in South Korea by comparing the GHS (Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals) score and toxic properties. Methods: Toxic substances were classified into seven groups (Acute toxicity (1A), Chronic toxicity (2C), Environmental hazards (3E), Acute toxicity & chronic toxicity (4AC), Chronic toxicity & environmental hazards (5CE), Acute toxicity & environmental hazards (6AE), and Acute toxicity & chronic toxicity & environmental hazards (7ACE)) according to their toxic properties. The GHS score was calculated to sum up five toxicity indicators (health acute toxicity, health repeated toxicity, carcinogenicity, health other chronic toxicity and environmental hazards). Results: The GHS score of 7ACE was higher by 7 times that of 1A. 1A is the only group which has lower than the total GHS score. The highest score was 47, for sodium chromate (CAS no. 7775-11-3), which belongs to group 7ACE. This is classified as acute toxicity, carcinogenicity, germ cell mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity, and acute and chronic environmental hazard. On the other hand, the lowest score was 2.75, which was assigned to 177 chemicals belonging to group 1A. When the health acute toxicity indicator was omitted from the toxic criterion, toxic substances could be divided into the sub-groups 'human chronic hazards group' (HCG) and 'environmental hazards group' (EG) according to their GHS score and properties. Conclusions: The proposed criterion for toxic substances is to establish sub-groups defined as HCG and EG for separate control and that the 1A group be moved to substances requiring preparation for accidents under the CCA.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.766-775
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• 2007

The use of toxic chemicals was extended as the industry in Korea has grown dramatically during the last three decades. However, list of toxic substances and limit concentrations in the water environment are not consistent within management of ambient water, drinking water and industrial effluent. This article suggests the systematic framework to classify toxic substances in the water environment and deriving their effluent limits. The most important factor for decision-making to classify toxic substances is whether their concentrations in the water environment are higher than the reference concentrations, estimated by considering human health risk and ecological risk. Using a risk-based reference concentration, the ambient water quality criterion, it is possible to derive the regulatory limit concentrations of toxic substances in drinking water and in industrial effluent. The goal concentrations in the effluent, which guarantee the human and ecological safety, should be determined with scientific investigation, balancing environmental benefit and economical effect, considering availability of treatment technology and identifying characteristics of wastewater from different industries.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2012

Purpose: The Tox-Info system is a poisonous substance information database developed by the Korean National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation. The aim of this study was to estimate the coverage effectiveness of the Tox-Info system by comparing the toxic substances included in the database with the distribution of the toxic substances implicated in the cases of intoxicated patients presenting to emergency departments. The secondary aim of the study was to propose any additional substances that should be added to the database. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients suffering with toxic exposure who had visited any of 12 selected emergency departments in Korea from January 2010 to December 2011. The identified toxic substances were classified into groups including prescription drugs, agricultural chemicals, household products, animals or plants, herbal drugs, and others. We calculated the coverage rate of the Tox-Info database relative to the number of intoxication cases and the type of toxic substances involved. Results: A total of 5,840 intoxicated patient records were collected. Their mean age was $46.6{\pm}20.5$ years and 56.2% were female. Of the total intoxication cases, 87.8% of the identified toxic substances were included in the Tox-Info database, while only 41.6% of all of the types of identified toxic substances were included. Broken down by category, 122 prescription drugs, 15 agricultural chemicals, 12 household products, 14 animals or plants and 2 herbal drugs involved in poisoning cases were not included in the Tox-info database. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the clinical usefulness of the Tox-Info system. While 87.8% of the substances involved in the cases were included in the Tox-Info database, the database should be continuously updated in order to include even the most uncommon toxic substances.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.555-560
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• 1996

미생물 세포벽의 독성 물질 (내독소)을 incubator, centrifuge와 UV-Vis spectrophotometer를 이용하여 추출한 후 지방산 조성을 Gas Chromatography로 분석하였으며 독성 물질의 치사 독성과 발열 활성을 측정, 그 결과를 서로 비교하였다. 지방산 조성 분석 결과 V. vulnificus의 독성 물질 (내독소)에 대해 tetradecanoic acid가, E. coli게 대 해서는 dodecanoic acid, 그리고 S. typhimurium에 대해서는 decanoic acid가 주 지방산이었으며 이들 세 지방산이 세가지 독성 물질에서 대부분을 차지하였다 (70% 이상). 지방산 조성에서 특이한 점은 tetra-decanoic acid가 V. vulnificus에 대해 주 지방산이라는 점과 세가지 독성 물질 모두 hexadecanoic acid의 양이 매우 적다는 것이다 (2% 이하). V. vulnificus의 독성 물질의 mice 에서의 치사 독성 (LD50이 52.5 mg/kg)은 E. soli(56.5mg/kg)와 비슷하였으나 S. typhimunum (37.5mg/kg) 보다는 약하였으며 V. vulnificus의 독성 물질의 rabbit에서의 발열 활성은 E. coli보다 강하였으나 5S typhimurium 보다는 약하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제63권3호
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• pp.21.1-21.6
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• 2023

The increasing prevalence of toxic substance-exposure in pets in South Korea endangers the health and safety of numerous companion animals, and has become a cause for concern. Notably, the annual incidence of forensic analysis in pets has increased by more than 150% in South Korea, mainly in populous regions such as Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi. In response to this growing issue, veterinary forensic examinations were conducted on 549 dogs and cats from 2019 to 2022. This study revealed the presence of various toxic substances, including pesticides, insecticides, and drugs such as analgesics, anesthetics, antidepressants, and muscle relaxants, in pets. Among the 38 different toxins identified in pets, coumatetralyl, methomyl, terbufos, and buprofezin were the most frequently detected. In this study, toxic substances for pets were identified based on the "toxic agent list for humans," developed by the National Forensic Services, because no list of toxic agents for animals currently exists and data regarding potentially toxic substances for dogs and cats is limited. This is one of the limitations of this study, and necessitates the establishment of a toxic agent list for animals. Continued monitoring and research is also recommended to reveal the incidence, causes, and solutions of toxicity in animals.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.151-158
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• 1999

Offsite consequences resulting form worst-case scenarios involving release of toxic substances in the Yochon area were estimated using the ALOHA(Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) model. Eight toxic substances, including NH3, were considered; five were toxic gases and three were toxic liquids at ambient temperature. For toxic gases, the entire quantity was assumed to be released at a constant rate during a 10-minute period. For toxic liquids, the entire quantity stored in the tank was assumed to be spilled and spread and spread instantaneously to form a pool with a depth of 1cm, and then evaporated over some period of time. Except for phosgene and toluene 2,4-diisocyanate, for which concentration levels corresponding to human health effects are very low, average distances of the area at risk of adverse health effects for a 1- tom release were predicted to be $2.3{\pm}1.1 km$ for the worst-case meteorological conditions and $0.93{\pm}0.69km$ under typical meteorological conditions of the Yochon are. Because a large number of people were predicted to be affected in the current analysis, refined analyses considering both realistic accident scenarios and topographic effects were warranted.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.693-699
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• 1998

고정화한 P. phosphoreum의 biolummescence악 독생물질과의 상관관계를 이용한 수계의 독성물질 momtonng 가능성을 조사하였다. P. phosphoreum을 이용한 수계의 독성물질 momtonng을 위한 적정 세포 농도는 최대 biolummescence intensnty를 보인 $O.D_{660}$ 1.0~1.2였으며 이 농도외 세포를 2.5% NaCl 용액에 희석하여 5.0%의 alginateo에 고정화 했을 때 biolummescence 유지도까 가장 좋았다. 이러한 방법으로 monitoring이 가능한 수계의 pH는 6.0~8.0이었다. Free cell과 고정화 세포로 $CdCl_2.H_20, PbCl_2, phenol $그리고 mtrophenol에 대한 bioluminescence를 조사하였을 때 고정화 방법에 의해 독성물질에 대한 민감성0] 증가되었다. 고정화 세포외 경우 각 독성 물질에 따라 20분 이내에 0.01~1.50ppm이하까지 mornitoring이 가능하였다. 뿐만 아니라 speciflC blolurninescence reclucLion rate, biolummescence mtenslLy의 ratio 그리고 Gamma value로 분석함으로서 독성물질의 농도와 biolummescence의 변화를 직선의 관계로 나타낼 수 있어 독성 물질의 농도 예측이 가능하다.