• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.131-143
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• 2021

Commercial transactions, one of the pillars of the capitalist economy, are occurring countless times every day, especially small and medium-sized businesses. However, small and medium-sized enterprises are bound to be the legal underdogs in contracts for commercial transactions and do not receive legal support for contracts for fair and legitimate commercial transactions. When subcontracting contracts are concluded among small and medium-sized enterprises, 58.2% of them do not apply standard contracts and sign contracts that have not undergone legal review. In order to support small and medium-sized enterprises' fair and legitimate contracts, small and medium-sized enterprises can be protected from legal threats if they can reduce the risk of signing contracts by analyzing various risks in the contract and analyzing and informing them of toxic clauses and omitted contracts in advance. We propose a risk prediction model for the machine reading-based legal contract to minimize legal damage to small and medium-sized business owners in the legal blind spots. We have established our own set of legal questions and answers based on the legal data disclosed for the purpose of building a model specialized in legal contracts. Quantitative verification was carried out through indicators such as EM and F1 Score by applying pine tuning and hostile learning to pre-learned machine reading models. The highest F1 score was 87.93, with an EM value of 72.41.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.533-539
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• 2010

Stem cell-based therapy is under intensive investigation to treat acute renal failure (ARF). The purpose of this study was to evaluate available ARF models, and suggest a model appropriate to therapeutic evaluation of the stem cells in preclinical approach by determining the optimum concentration of nephrotoxic agents and duration of ischemia induction. Three different types of available acute kidney injury (AKI) animal models were analyzed using rats: Cisplatin (saline, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg, IP) or glycerol (saline, 8 and 10 ml/kg, IM)-induced nephrotoxicity as toxic models and ischemia-induced (sham, 35 and 45 minutes) nephropathy as an ischemic model. The relevance and applicability to investigate especially the regenerative ability of stem cells were evaluated regarding morphology, renal function and survival at this time point. In the point of renal function, 10 ml glycerol/kg and 7.5 mg cisplatin/kg model in toxic models and 45 min model in ischemia models showed significant decrease for the longer observation time compared to 8 ml glycerol/kg, 5 mg cisplatin/kg and the 35 min ischemia models, respectively. All groups were observed no mortality except 45 min-ischemia model with 50% survival. Histological significant alterations including cast formation in the tubular lumen, tubular necrosis and apoptosis were revealed on the second day in either ischemiaor glycerol-induced models, and on day 5 in cisplatin-induced models. The results indicate that ischemia 35 min-, cisplatin 7.5 mg/kg- and glycerol 10 ml/kg-induced AKI would be ideal animal models to monitor a outcome parameter related to the therapeutic effects on renal function with noninvasive techniques in the same animal at multiple time points. Our findings also suggest that the best time points for the functional or histological interpretation of renal will be on day 2 in both glycerol- and ischemia-induced AKI models and on day 5 in cisplatin-induced AKI.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.55-62
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• 2015

The international concern on the inhalable fine dust is continuing to increase. In addition to the toxic properties of the fine dust itself, it can be more dangerous than other environmental factors since the dust pollution is hard to be detected by human sense. Although the information on outdoor air condition can be acquired easily, the indoor dust concentration is another problem because the indoor air condition is influenced by the architectural environment and human activity. It means occupants may be exposed to indoor dust pollution over a long period without being aware. Therefore the indoor dust concentration should be measured separately and visualized as an intuitive information. By visualizing, the indoor dust concentration in each space can be recognized practically in compare with the degree of pollution in adjacent spaces. Besides the visualization outcome can be used as base data for related research such as an analysis of the relation between indoor dust concentration and architectural environment. Meanwhile, with the development of network and micro sensing devices, it became possible to collect wide range of indoor environment data. In this regards, this paper suggests a system for visualization of indoor dust concentration and demonstrates it on an actual space.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.576-583
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• 2015

This paper aims to investigate the potential use of cempedak durian peel (CDP) from Negara Brunei Darussalam, which is low-cost, locally available, eco-friendly and highly efficient to remove methyl violet (MV) dye from aqueous solutions. The time required for equilibrium to be reached is 2.0 h with no adjustment of pH necessary. FTIR analysis was indicative of the involvement of -COOH and C=O functional groups in adsorption process. The Langmuir model provided the best fit with maximum adsorption capacity of $0.606mmol\;g^{-1}$. Thermodynamics data indicate that the adsorption is spontaneous, feasible and endothermic in nature. Best regeneration of CDP's adsorption ability is achieved by base solution, showing about 95% removal efficiency of MV even after 5 cycles, indicating that CDP can be regenerated and reused. This, together with its high adsorption capacity, makes CDP a potential adsorbent for the removal of MV in wastewater.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.709-717
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• 2017

Mucosal tissues are the initial site through which most pathogens invade. As such, vaccines and adjuvants that modulate mucosal immune functions have emerged as important agents for disease prevention. Herein, we investigated the immunomodulatory mechanisms of the B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin type IIa ($LT-IIa-B_5$), a potent non-toxic mucosal adjuvant. Alternations in gene expression in response to $LT-IIa-B_5$ were identified using a genome-wide transcriptional microarray that focused on dendritic cells (DC), a type of cell that broadly orchestrates adaptive and innate immune responses. We found that $LT-IIa-B_5$ enhanced the homing capacity of DC into the lymph nodes and selectively regulated transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and cytokine receptors. These data are consistent with a model in which directional activation and differentiation of immune cells by $LT-IIa-B_5$ serve as a critical mechanism whereby this potent adjuvant amplifies mucosal immunity to co-administered antigens.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2003

Fluoranthene, a common polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), exhibits phototoxicity which may affect aquatic organisms. The eventual goal of this study is to develop a biomarker of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) used in monitoring hazardous chemicals in the ecosystem. In this study we investigated neural toxicity of fluoranthene in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) along with comparative analysis of corresponding behavioral response. The untreated individuals shooed normal behavioral characteristics (i. e., smooth and linear movements). The treated fish, however, showed stopping and abrupt change of orientation (100 ppb), and severely reduced locomotive activity and enhanced surfacing activity (1,000 ppb). Treatment of the medaka fish with fluoranthene caused a significant suppresson of acetycholine esterase (AChE) activities in the body portion but not in the head portion. When fish were exposed to 1,000 ppb of fluoranthene for 24 hr, the body AChE activities decreased from 126.${\pm}$31.89 (nmoles substrate hydrolyzed per min per mg protein) to 49.51${\pm}$11.99. Expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein in the different organs from both head and body portions were comparatively analyzed using an immunohistochemical technique. Five organs of the medaka fish showing a strong TH protein expression were the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, optic lobe, pons and myelencephalon regions. This study provides molecular and neurobehavioral bases of a biomonitoring system for toxic chemicals using fish as a model organism.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.221-230
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• 2013

We demonstrated the efficacy of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) produced from a low grade iron ore as an adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI), a toxic heavy metal anion present in wastewater. The adsorption of Cr(VI) by these MNPs strongly depended on the dosage of MNPs, the initial concentration of the Cr(VI) solutions, and pH. The highest Cr(VI) adsorption efficiency of 22.0 mg/g was observed at pH 2.5. The adsorption data were best fit with the Langmuir isotherm and corresponded to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The used adsorbent was regenerated by eluting in highly alkaline solutions. Sodium bicarbonate showed the highest desorption efficiency of 83.1% among various eluents including NaOH, $Na_2HPO_4$, and $Na_2CO_3$. Due to the high adsorption capacity, the simple magnetic separation, and the high desorption efficiency, this nano-adsorbent produced from inexpensive and abundant resources may attract the attention of the industries to apply for removing various metal anionic contaminants from wastewater.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.137-142
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• 2004

Dioxin-like compounds are ubiquitous environmental polltants that could be accumulated in biological system and toxic to human and wildlife. Given this issue, it is important to develop a reliable dioxin detection methods for a rational risk assesment of dioxin-like compounds. In this study, we tried to set up and validate a sensitive, reliable risk assessment of dioxin-like compounds. In this study, we tried to set up and validate a sensitive, reliable and rapid bioassay model, CALUX bioassay as a screening tool for routine measurement of dioxin-like conpounds in environmental matrices. For the valisation of CALUX bioassay, firstly, we performed dose-response assay for 2,3,7,8-TCDD, most potent dioxin-like compound, using two different methods CALUX and EROD assay. Induction of luciferase activity and CYPIA catalyzed EROD activity were dose-dependently induced by 2,3,7,8-TCDD, with initial induction at 0.1 pM and maximal induction at 1 nM. In order t determine whether the CALUX bioassay could predict the effects of dioxin-like compounds, 2,3,7,8-TCDD dose-response from CALUX was compared with that from EROD assay. The correlation coefficient ($r^2$) was found to be 0.89, indicating a good correlation between two different methods and the possibility of CALUX bioassay as a useful dioxin detecting method.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.336-343
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze the single-dose toxicity and the safety of Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture extracts. Methods: Six-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. Doses of Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture extracts were set at 0.25 mL (low-dose), 0.5 mL (medium-dose) and 1.0 mL (high-dose) for the test groups. A dose of 1.0 mL of normal saline solution was set for the control group. During 14 days, general symptoms, mortalities, and changes in hematology, blood biochemistry and histopathology of all rats were observed. Results: No death was observed in all test groups. Any abnormal symptom was not observed in all of the groups. No significant changes in weight between the control group and the test groups were observed. In addition, no significant differences in the hematology signs, the blood biochemistry levels and the histopathological signs related to the Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture extracts injection were observed. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that Mahwangcheonoh pharmacopuncture at doses of 1.0 mL or less may be consider safe and non-toxic. So, it can be used for therapy of obesity sufficiently. But further studies on this subject must be performed to confirm and verify this conclusion.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1970-1980
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• 2016

The problem of food deficiency is a major discouragement to many low-income developing countries. Most of these countries experience constant danger of hunger, malnutrition and diseases as they are unable to maintain their food supplies mainly due to lack of arable lands and modern crop, livestock and fishery production technologies. In addition, the pollutants resulting from the secondary industries are becoming another serious issue in their food problems. The pollutants mixed in the sands blowing from the mainland China and the toxic waters flowing in the farm land form the industrialized zones are some of the examples. The Vertical Farm, or Plant Factory, proposed in this study could be the best alternative food production system for them. Vertical farm is an efficient food production system that yields relatively a large volume of food materials without environmental risks. The system does not require a large open space and manpower and can minimize the possibility of infiltration of pollutants. This research describes a basic model of the system focusing on determining the optimal sites for it based on the meteorological data concentrating on the atmospheric pollutants. The types and volume of pollutants are analyzed and identified through the big data obtained, followed by visualization of analysis results and their comparisons for better understanding.