• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.337-343
• /
• 2016

We determined the toxicity of mixtures of ethyl acetate (EA), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), toluene (TOL) and xylene (XYL) with half-maximal effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) values obtained using human hepatocytes cells. According to these data, quantitative property-activity relationships (QPAR) models were successfully proposed to predict the toxicity of mixtures by multiple linear regressions (MLR). The leave-one-out cross validation method was used to find the best subsets of descriptors in the learning methods. Significant differences in physico-chemical properties such as boiling point (BP), specific gravity (SG), Reid vapor pressure (rVP) and flash point (FP) were observed between the single substances and the mixtures. The $EC_{50}$ of the mixture of EA and IPA was significantly lower than that of contained TOL and XYL. The mixture toxicity was related to the mixing ratio of MEK, TOL and XYL (MLR equation $EC_{50}=3.3081-2.5018{\times}TOL-3.2595{\times}XYL-12.6596{\times}MEK{\times}XYL$), as well as to BP, SG, VP and FP (MLR equation $EC_{50}=1.3424+6.2250{\times}FP-7.1198{\times}SG{\times}FP-0.03013{\times}rVP{\times}FP$). These results suggest that QPAR-based models could accurately predict the toxicity of polar and nonpolar mixtures used in rotogravure printing industries.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.218-223
• /
• 2018

The liver is an essential organ for the detoxification of exogenous xenobiotics, drugs and toxic substances. The incidence rate of non-alcoholic liver injury increases due to dietary habit change and drug use increase. Our previous study demonstrated that Ecklonia stolonifera (ES) formulation has hepatoprotective effect against alcohol-induced liver injury in rat and tacrine-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells. This present study was designated to elucidate hepatoprotective effects of ES formulation against carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced liver injury in Sprague Dawley rat. Sixty rats were randomly divided into six groups. The rats were treated orally with ES formulation and silymarin (served as positive control, only 100 mg/kg/day) at a dose of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day for 21 days. Seven days after treatment, liver injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of $CCl_4$ (1.5 ml/kg, twice a week for 14 days). The administration of $CCl_4$ exhibited significant elevation of hepatic enzymes (like AST and ALT), and decrease of antioxidant related enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and glutathione. Then, it leaded to DNA damages (8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde). Administration of ES formulation inhibited imbalance of above factors compared to $CCl_4$ induced rat in a dose dependent manner. Real time PCR analysis indicates that CYP2E1 was upregulated in $CCl_4$ induced rat. However, increased gene expression was compromised by ES formulation treatment. These findings suggests that ES formulation could protect hepatotoxicity caused by $CCl_4$ via two pathways: elevation of antioxidant enzymes and normalization of CYP2E1 enzyme.

• 혜화의학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.711-724
• /
• 2000

I reached following conclusion through a bibliographic study about the drug dependence. 1. The drug dependence is the case that taking drugs continually in order to get around discomfort and get mental drug efficacy. that is also the state of poisoning that shows compulsions that using all means to get drugs. the drug dependence is coincident with alcolism in Oriental Medicine. 2 Medicinal matters that causes the drug dependence consist of two field. one is licit drugs, including a tranquilizer, a sleeping pill, anti-anxiety drug, alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, etc. the other is illict drugs, including opium products, psychostimulant, a hallucinogen, aromatic agent(adhesives, LSD, etc.) 3. Drugs that causes dependences has the habit which causing mental dependences and the medicinal poisining which causing physical dependences. 4. A syndrome of abstain from the drug which rides on all kinds of drugs is analogous to depressive psychosis, epilepsy, insanity, depressive syndromes, disorder of internal organs, histery, dizziness, etc. 5. The drug dependence causes visceral dysfunction, that is chiefly inflammatory lesion of brain, heart lung etc. (inflammatory lesions os mainly due to infect.) and injuries liver which removes toxic agents and kidney which is an excretory organ. 6. The treatment of the drug dependence, which needs at first check the medical record and the syndrome, is consist of the expectant treatment and isolating treatment as a rule and sometimes mental therapeutics is going on at the same time. 7. The oriental medical cure of the drug dependence needs more concrete study.

• 대한약침학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.21-33
• /
• 2009

Objective : This experimental study was performed to investigate the safety of Soyeom Pharmacopunture solution manufactured by extraction of alcohol and water. To identify the use of it as eyedrops, the eye irritation test of rabbits and antibacterial test of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, and Candida albicans was performed. Methods : 1. The eye irritation test of this material was performed according to the Regulation of Korea Food & Drug Administration(2005. 10. 21, KFDA 2005-60). After Soyeom pharmacopuncture solution was administered in the left eye of the rabbits, eye irritation of the cornea, iris and conjunctiva was observed at 1, 2, 3, 4 & 7day. 2. After administering Soyeom Pharmacopuncture solution on bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Candida albicans) which cause Keratitis, MIC(Minimum Inhibition Concentration) and the size of inhibition zone were measured. Anti-bacterial potency was also measured using the size of inhibition zone. Results : 1. After Soyeom pharmacopuncture solution was administered in the left eye of the rabbits, it was found that none of nine rabbits have abnormal signs and weight changes. 2. After Soyeom pharmacopuncture solution was medicated in the left eye of the rabbits, no eye irritation of the cornea, iris and conjunctiva was observed at 1, 2, 3, 4 & 7day. 3. There was no response to MIC on bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Candida albicans) after Soyeom pharmacopuncture solution was medicated. Conclusions : The present study suggests that Soyeom pharmacopuncture solution is a non-toxic and non-irritant medicine, which does not cause eye irritation in rabbits, but dosen't have anti-bacterial effects on bacterial species which cause Keratitis. These study result recommends that more research on other herbal medicines of eye drop for Keratitis are required.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.10-17
• /
• 2022

Currently, in Korea, lower and upper tier qualifying quantities of the 97 substances requiring preparation for accidents have been designated. The information on the submission of chemical accident prevention management plan varies depending on whether the handling volume is above or below the lower or upper qualifying quantity. Because the criteria of the lower and upper qualifying quantities of substance requiring preparation for accidents are not stipulated in the Chemical Substances Control Act, this study attempted to establish a criterion through significance verification. In addition, the study investigated whether these qualifying quantities are related to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), toxic concentration endpoint, and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Finally, by comparing the risk categorization of the GHS, endpoint, and NFPA, it was evaluated whether the circulation-volume-based risk categorization of the substance requiring preparation for accidents that are in the top 13 is appropriate. The qualifying quantities of benzene, toluene, and sulfuric acid needed to be adjusted upward, while those of methyl alcohol and ammonia were adjusted downward from the current qualifying quantities. It is required to establish a quantified criterion that fully reflects the domestic situations in Korea and various indicators such as toxicity, physicochemical properties, and circulation volume for the qualified criterion of hazardous chemical substances. The study is expected to be helpful in establishing an efficient system by systematizing the criterion for qualifying quantity.

• 산업식품공학
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.158-166
• /
• 2017

본 연구에서는 다슬기 추출물의 간세포 독성과 에탄올 대사에서의 효능을 분석하기 위하여 산과 효소를 이용하여 추출한 다슬기 가수분해물의 아미노산 조성, 항산화 활성, 아세트아미노펜 처리에 의해 유도된 간독성 대한 보호효과 및 ADH와 ALDH 효소 활성에 미치는 영향을 in vitro에서 분석하였고, 다슬기 추출물을 알코올과 함께 백서에 투여하였을 때 나타나는 혈중 독성 중간대사산물인 아세트알데히드를 정량하여 알코올 섭취 후 나타나는 숙취해소에 대한 효능을 규명하고자 하였다. 열수추출물과 비교하여 산추출물, 효소추출물, 효소-산추출물 모두 총 유리아미노산 함량이 증가하였으며, 특히 숙취해소를 도와주는 아스파라긴산, 글루탐산, 메티오닌 등이 대폭 증가하여 다슬기 추출물의 기능적 향상을 가져올 것으로 생각되었다. 또한, 항산화능의 평가지표인 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성 또한 증가하는 경향을 확인하였다. 다슬기 추출물은 AAP로 간 손상을 유도한 세포에 처리하여 세포생존율과 세포독성을 측정하였다. AAP 만을 처리한 대조군은 $67.8{\pm}4.3%$의 생존율을 보인 반면 다슬기추출물 1 mg/mL과 AAP를 병용처리한 경우 각각 9.7%와 13.7%의 간세포 생존율 증가를 보였다. 세포독성은 AAP 만을 처리한 대조군은 33.7%의 LDH 활성에 의한 세포독성을 나타낸 반면 다슬기 추출물을 처리한 경우 대조군에 비해 세포독성이 15.4%-24.4%로 감소되었다. 또한, 에탄올 대사에서 중요한 ADH와 ALDH 활성은 열수추출물에 비해 효소를 이용한 다슬기 추출물에서 각각 최대 4.8배와 2.7배 증가하였다. 알코올 섭취 후 혈중 아세트알데히드 농도는 다슬기 효소 추출물을 투여한 군의 경우 양성대조군에 비하여 유의하게 감소하였다. 이상의 연구결과를 종합해 보면 다양한 추출 방법에 의한 다슬기추출물 소재는 항산화 활성과 간손상 보호효과 및 숙취해소능을 가지며, 효소추출물의 ADH와 ALDH 활성 증가효과가 더 우수하였으며 향후 이들 소재를 활용한 다양한 기능성 제품의 개발이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.94-96
• /
• 2020

2013년 11월 한국의 농촌 주택에서 발생한 여성 신체의 지속적인 연소 사례가 제시된다. 여성의 신체 중 무릎에서 목 부분까지는 거의 완전하게 소각되었고 머리, 팔, 무릎 아래의 다리 및 발은 거의 연소되지 않은 상태로 발견되었다. 외부 점화원으로는 성냥에 의한 불씨가 가장 유력했다. 거실 바닥에서 발견된 할머니만 주로 연소되었으며, 주택 안에 있는 다른 사물들은 검갈색의 기름이 묻은 것처럼 또는 기름으로 코팅된 것처럼 보였으며 사실상 거의 연소되지 않았다. 변사자의 타지 않은 의류 및 양말에서 인화성 물질이 검출되지 않았으며, 근육 조직에서 약독물 성분 또한 확인되지 않았다. 말초 혈액의 혈중일산화탄소-헤모글로빈 농도는 11%, 안방수의 에틸알콜농도는 0.010% 미만이었다. 부검 결과 탄화가 고도로 진행되어 사망원인을 단정하기 어려웠다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.274-279
• /
• 2007

4 종류의 폐기물(생활하수오니, 공단하수오니, 피혁오니, 주정오니)과 대조구로서 돈분퇴비가 지렁이에게 미치는 독성을 평가하기 위하여 대표적인 유해성 평가 biomarker 3종류 (acetylcholinesterase, cytochrome $P_{450}$, heat shock protein 70)를 사용하였다. 유기성 폐기물에 대한 acetylcholinesterase의 활성은 돈분퇴비의 경우 활성이 약간 촉진된 반면 생활하수오니, 공단하수오니, 피혁오니, 주정오니는 영향을 미치지 않았다. Cytochrome $P_{450}$의 활성은 공단하수오니와 피혁오니는 활성을 억제하였고 생활하수오니, 주정오니, 돈분퇴비는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 또한 Hsp70의 발현량은 증류수보다 돈분퇴비는 1.9배, 주정오니는 3.0배, 생활하수오니는 3.3배, 공단오니는 4.4배, 피혁오니는 4.7배 순으로 지렁이 (Eisenia fetida)에게 스트레스를 많이 주었다. 이상의 결과로부터, 4 종류의 폐기물(생활하수오니, 공단하수오니, 피혁오니, 주정오니)은 돈분퇴비보다 독성이 강한 것으로 판단하였다. 또한 AChE, Cytochrome $P_{450}$과 Hsp70은 추후 유기성 폐기물의 유해성을 모니터링하기에 적합한 biomarker로서 가치가 있다고 생각한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제15권17호
• /
• pp.7105-7112
• /
• 2014

In this study, we investigated oxidative stress and tumor marker levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 136 coke oven workers and in 60 control subjects, and evaluated the correlation between oxidative stress and tumor marker levels. Questionnaires on basic demographic information were also administered. Significant differences in employment time and percentages of alcohol drinkers were observed between the control and exposed groups. PAH exposure was assessed using urinary 1-hydroxy-pyrene (1-OHP) levels and was found to be significantly higher in workers than in the controls. Significant differences (P<0.001) of MDA, GST, LDH, NSE, Cyfra21-1, and of SCC and TNF-a (P<0.0001 and P<0.05, P<0.001, respectively) levels were observed among controls and coke-oven workers, except for bottom coke oven workers. Associations between age and risk of increased TNF-a, smoking and increased GST activities, and drinking with increased MDA concentrations, were marginal (P=0.055, P=0.048, P=0.057, respectively). The association between smoking with MDA (P=0.004), NSE (P=0.005), SCC (P=0.004) andTNF-a (P<0.001), and drinking with TNF-a levels was significant (P=0.012). In addition, a significant positive correlation between oxidative stress and tumor markers was found in the present study. These results suggest that a synergistic increase of oxidative stress and tumor markers induced by PAHs may play a role in toxic responses for PAHs in coke oven workers.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.177-186
• /
• 2012

In this study, we selected some herbal formulation about a series of Chijasi-tang in Dongeuibogam by using web-based open program;Prescription Lineage Graph (http://164.125.206.43/PrescriptionLineageGraph.aspx). And we compared and analyzed the changes of efficacy, major target symptoms of each herbal formulation according to compositional variation of each herbal formulation. Chijasi-tang, first appeared in Sanghanlun, consists of Capejasmine and Fermented soybean, and it is mainly used to treat insomnia due to vexation, heartburn and yellow greasy tongue fur. Capejasmine can clear away irritable feverish sensation in chest by flowing downward the heat, and Fermented soybean can disperse stagnated heat throughout the chest by expelling stagnated heat from the exterior In the case of the heat stagnation caused by relapsing of disease due to overstain, Chisijisil-tang can be used. And if symptom appear more on the upper or exterior than a case of Chisijisil-tang, Seosisi-tang could be more suitable, if half exterior and half interior, Omae-tang could be for it. In addition, if symptom caused by relapsing due to improper diet, Chisijihwang-tang could be proper formulation. In the case of the heat stagnation body inside and jaundice, if it is caused by alcohol, Chijadaehwang-tang could be used for the purpose of urgent purgation, Galchul-tang would be suitable for helping the function of the spleen and the stomach and for treatment of damp-heat of the spleen and the stomach. And if it is caused by pandemic infection, Jangdal-hwan would be good formulation for it. Samhwangseokgo-tang and Yangdokchija-tang could be appropriate formulation for the raging of noxious heat and pathogenic fire caused by febrile disease with toxic yang. Daehwangeum-ja is for severe constipation due to heat-dryness with stagnated fever, Haebaek-tang is appropriate for severe diarrhea due to heat type change of Soeum. According to the result of our investigation, although there are various target causes and symptoms of each herbal formulations, whatever pathogenetic cause is, the stagnated heat in interior side is the basis of symptoms. Therefore, the purpose of including Chijasi-tang in composition of each herbal formulation is treatment of the stagnated heat. For such reason, on the fundamental or ancillary basis of Chijasi-tang plus some herbs for each therapeutic purpose.