• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.46-58
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• 1995

Acute toxicity of heavy metals( Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Copper ), Organophosphorus insecticides( EPN, 2, 4- D, and Parathion ), and other chemicals( Arsenic, Cyanide, and Phenol) to Daphnia magna, and Vibrio fischeri was analysed. Daphnia magna to most toxic chemicals was most sensitive among test organisms alld then Daphnia magna seems to be more useful in toxic test of water. Daphnia magna was more sensitive to heavy metals than insecticides and other chemicals. The sensitivity of Visrio JircAeri to heavy metals was not so different from that to insecticides and the sensitivity to other chemicals was low. Visrio JircAeri appears to be more sensitive to toxic chemicals than Photobacterium phosphoreum, which was compared as recorded values of P.phosphoreum. Toxic chemicals were classified as Group 1 which had a high $EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$ value and the low increase rate of toxicity according to the increase of concentration, Group 2 which had a high $EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$ value and the high increase rate of toxicity, Group 3 which had a low $EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$ value and the high increase rate of toxicity, and Group 4 which had a low $EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$ value and the low increase rate of toxicity. To Daphnia magna, Lead, Chromium EPN, and Parathion were included in Group 1 : Mercury and Copper in Group 2 : Arsonic and Cadmium in Group 3 : Cyanide, 2, 4-B, and Phenol in Group 4. To Visrio JircAeri, Lead, Chromiurl 2, 4- D, and Parathion were included in Group 1 : Merecury, Cadmium and Arsenic in Group 2 : Cyanide in Group 3 : EPN, Copper, and Phenol in Group 4.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.15-21
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• 2015

Anaerobic biodegradation of diesel with coexisting heavy metals (Pb) was monitored in batch mode. Two different groups of the indigenous bacteria from a site contaminated with diesel and lead were used in this research: the first group was composed of a single species and the second group was composed of several species. The effect of heavy metals on the microbial population was monitored and confirmed the biodegradation mechanism in each combined contaminant. Growth of the microorganisms in 21 days was observed Diesel > Diesel + Pb > Diesel + Cu > Diesel + Pb + Cu > Diesel + Cr > Diesel + Pb + Cr. Indigenous microorganisms showed the adaptation in the Pb contaminate. Interactive toxic effect using AMES test observed larger synergistic effect than antagonistic in Diesel + Cr and Diesel + Pb + Cr. Therefore, the main effects of diesel biodegradation in the present of heavy metals are likely to exist other factors as well as toxic of heavy metals. This is a necessary part of the future studies.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.311-317
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• 2019

The transport systems for metals play crucial roles in both the physiological functions of essential metals and the toxic effects of hazardous metals in mammals and plants. In mammalian cells, Zn transporters such as ZIP8 and ZIP14 have been found to function as the transporters for Mn(II) and Cd(II), contributing to the maintenance of Mn homeostasis and metallothionein-independent transports of Cd, respectively. In rice, the Mn transporter OsNramp5 expressed in the root is used for the uptake of Cd from the soil. Japan began to cultivate OsNramp5 mutant rice, which was found to accumulate little Cd, to prevent Cd accumulation. Inorganic trivalent arsenic (As(III)) is absorbed into mammalian cells via aquaglyceroporin, a water and glycerol channel. The ortholog of aquaporin in rice, OsLsi1, was found to be an Si transporter expressed in rice root, and is responsible for the absorption of soil As(III) into the root. Since rice is a hyperaccumulator of Si, higher amounts of As(III) are incorporated into rice compared to other plants. Thus, the transporters of essential metals are also utilized to incorporate toxic metals in both mammals and plants, and understanding the mechanisms of metal transports is important for the development of mitigation strategies against food contamination.

• ALGAE
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2012

Algae are sensitive to a wide range of pollutants, and are effective bioindicators in ecotoxicity assessments. Here, we evaluated the sub-lethal sensitivity of the marine dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides upon exposure to copper (Cu), lead (Pb), bisphenol A (BPA), and Aroclor 1016 (polychlorinated biphenyl, PCB). Toxic effects were assessed by observations of the reduction in cell counts and chlorophyll a levels after exposure to each toxicant. C. polykrikoides displayed dose-dependent, sigmoidal responses when exposed to the tested chemicals. $EC_{50}$-72 h values for Cu, Pb, BPA, and PCB were 12.74, 46.70, 68.15, and $1.07mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. PCB, which is an endocrine-disrupting chemical, was the most sensitive, proving its toxic effect on the dinoflagellate. This study provides baseline data on the toxic effects of commonly used heavy metals and endocrine-disrupting chemicals to a marine dinoflagellate.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.208-211
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• 2011

The lowest amount of heavy metals was found outside the city (25 km away), the highest amount was found near the thermoelectric power plant, and the average amount was discovered in the central part of the city. The presence of heavy metals in soil samples resulted in reduction of several important soil characteristics (pH, humus content, soil "breathing"). Use of simple and quick methods to examine soil with high heavy metals pollution resulted in the discovery of a pedobiota group, consisting of nematodes, fungi (genus Fusarium) and Protozoa which indicated the toxicity of the Almaty city soils.

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.59-60
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• 2000

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.33-33
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• 2003

Organisms have evolved to use metal ions as cofactors for many proteins involved in critical biological processes. However, these metals are highly toxic when present in excess or if released in its free reactive form, and environmental contamination by non-physiological metals has been a concern for public health.(omitted)

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2014

The object of this study was to evaluate the combined toxic interactions of the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) with six heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Hg, and Pb). The individual and combined toxic effects were assessed using the Vibrio fischeri assay. In case of the individual toxicity, PFOA was higher toxic than PFOS and toxicity of PFOA and PFOS were lower than heavy metal. In the toxicity of heavy metals, the $Hg^{2+}$ was found to be most toxic followed by $Pb^{2+}$, $Cr^{6+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$. The combined toxicity of PFOA or PFOS with $Cr^{6+}$ were synergistic effect because the $EC_{50}$ mix values were less than 1 TU. PFOA + $Zn^{2+}$, PFOS + $Zn^{2+}$, PFOA + $Cd^{2+}$ and PFOS + $Cd^{2+}$ produced addictive effect. Except in these case, all of binary mixtures show antagonistic effect. This study proved potential risk of coexistent with perfluorinated compounds and heavy metals in water environment.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.213-220
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• 1993

The problem of disposing of huge quantities of used tires is of growing concern to every country. As an economical solid waste management, a gasification followed by incineration process was applied to scrap tires to recover heat and to reduce waste volume for final landfill disposal. The gasification temperature, combustible and non-combustible gasified products and possibly produced air pollutants were predicted by changing equivalent mole ratios of carbon to oxygen by a chemical equilibrium model. For a risk assessment of ash toxic pollutants including heavy metals and toxic organics were thoroughly analyzed. Gasification bottom ash contained much more toxic organic compounds than fly ash, whereas fly ash contained higher concentration of heavy metals such as Pb and Cd. Pretreatment or secure landfill technology is suggested for a safe management of ash produced from the gasification incinerators.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.61-66
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• 2005

Benthic amphipod, Grandidierella japonica widely inhabits the Korean coastal waters and is developed as a standard test species for sediment toxicity tests. We exposed G. japonica to various pollutants including 4 kinds of inorganic metals (Ag, Cd, Cu and Hg), tributyltin [TBT], ammonia and 7 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds (acenaphthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene) to estimate the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and the median lethal concentration (LC50) of each pollutant during the 96-hour acute exposure. Among all tested pollutants, TBT was most toxic to G. japonica, and Rg was most toxic among inorganic metals. The toxicity of pyrene to G. japonica was greatest among PAH compounds, followed by fluoranthene, phenanathrene, acenaphthene, fluorene and naphthalene. The toxicity of PAH compounds was closely related to their physico-chemical characteristics such as $K_ow$ and water solubility. G. japonica responded adequately to pollutant concentrations and exposure durations, and the sensitivity of G. japonica to various inorganic and organic pollutants was generally comparable to other amphipods used as standard test species in ecotoxicological studies, indicating this species can be applied in the assessment of environments polluted by various harmful substances.