• 제목/요약/키워드: Total response time

검색결과 1,010건 처리시간 0.036초

가능성 소화장애증 환자의 정신사회적 요인과 위장 생리활동성의 연관성에 관한 연구 -위 배출능 검사를 이용하여- (A Study on Psychological Factors and Gastric Physiological Activity in the Functional Dyspepsia -Using Gastric Emptying Test-)

  • 김진아;임승한;문성근;이상열
    • 정신신체의학
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    • 제9권1호
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    • pp.49-57
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    • 2001
  • 연구목적 : 기능성 소화장애증 환자에서 실제적인 위장 운동 기능의 이상을 알아볼 수 있는 위 배출능 검사를 시행하여 위장 운동 기능 이상의 유무 및 위장 운동 기능과 정신병리(특히 불안과 우울), 지각된 스트레스, 스트레스의 매개변인인 대처방식, 사회적 지지와의 연관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 원광의대 소화기 내과에 가능성 소화장애증을 주소로 내원히여 방사선 검사 및 심전도 검사 제반 내시경 및 생화학적 검사에서 이상소견을 보이지 않고 식도운동검사 및 24 시간 위-식도 역류검사를 실시하여 이상 소견을 보이지 않는 환자 30명으 대상으로 지각한 스트레스의 양 및 SCL-90-R, BDI, STAI, 대처방식, 사회적 지지와 위 배출능 검사를 시행하여 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결과 : 1) 위 배출 반감시간은 $118.50{\pm}23.64$분이었으며, 위 배출능 검사에서 정상 범위를 벗어난 환자는 없었다. 2) 위 배출 반감시간은 우울 및 상태 불안과 유의한 정적인 상관이 있었다. 3) 위 배출 반감시간은 지각된 스트레스, 대처방식, 사회적 지지와 유의한 상관이 없었다. 결론 : 이상의 결과로 보아 기능성 소화장애증 환자의 생리적 기능인 위 배출반감시간은 우울 빛 불안과 유의한 상관이 있으며 스트레스 매개변인과는 연관이 없었다. 이는 스트레스 인자와 반응사이의 매개변인보다는 그 결과로 생각되는 정신병리가 위장 생리 활성과 연관이 있고 이런 측면이 신경정신과적 중재 및 치료에 고려 될 수 있음을 시사하고 있다.

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진행된 비소세포폐암환자에서 Gemcitabine, Cisplatin 복합화학요법의 치료효과 (Gemcitabine/Cisplatin Combination Chemotherapy in Advanced non-Small Cell lung Cancer)

  • 신호식;육동승;김희규;최바울;임현정;박찬복;하승인;옥철호;장태원;정만홍
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • 제55권1호
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    • pp.98-106
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    • 2003
  • 연구배경 : 진행된 비소세포폐암환자에서 gemcitabine과 cisplatin 복합화학요법 후 치료효과와 부작용 및 생존기간을 조사한다. 방 법 : 수술이 불가능한 IIIB기와 IV기 비소세포폐암환자 40명(남성이 21명이며 여성은 19명; 연령분포는 37에서 73세 사이이며 중간값은 63세)을 대상으로 하였다. 병리학적 진단은 선암이 28명(70.0%), 편평상피세포암이 11명(27.5%), 대세포암이 1명(2.5%)이었으며 병기는 3기(IIIB)가 18명(45%), 4기(IV)가 22명(55%) 이었다. Gemcitabine은 제1일과 제8일에 1200 $mg/m^2$을 1시간 동안 정맥 주사하였고, cisplatin은 제1일 gemcitabine 주입이 끝난 뒤 60 $mg/m^2$을 3시간에 걸쳐 정맥 주사하였으며 21일 주기로 반복하여 시행하였다. 급성 부작용의 빈도와 정도는 WHO 기준에 따라 조사하였다. 결 과 : 40명의 환자 중 치료 후 완전관해는 없었으며 부분관해는 15명(37.5%), 무반응군은 7명(17.5%), 진행성 병변은 18명(45%)으로 전체 반응률은 37.5%이었다. 혈액학적 부작용으로는 grade 3이상의 중증 호중구 감소증이 5명(125%) 있었으며, 발열성 호중구 감소증으로 입원을 요하였던 경우는 2명(5%)으로 그중 1명이 폐렴으로 사망하였고 혈소판 감소층은 1명(2.5%)에서 있었다. 비혈액학적 부작용으로는 1도의 간독성이 10명(30%)에서 발생하였으나 보존적인 치료로 호전되었으며 그 외 오심, 구토, 설사, 발열, 발진, 탈모, 감염, 변비들이 보고되었으나 대증요법으로 쉽게 조절할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 반응지속기간의 중앙값은 19주(95% CI, 16.3-23.5주)이었다. 1년 및 2년 생존율은 각각 55% 및 10%였다. 생존기간의 중앙값은 55주 (95% CI, 34-75주)였다. 결 론 : Cisplalin, gemcitabine 복합항암약물요법은 수술적 처지가 불가능한 진행된 비소세포폐암의 치료에 비교적 효과적이었으며 부작용 발생도 적었다.

난용성 식이섬유의 첨가가 이유자돈의 생산성 및 영양소 소화율에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Insoluble Dietary Fiber Supplementation on Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Weanling Pigs)

  • 한영근;한국열;이지훈
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제47권4호
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    • pp.565-572
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    • 2005
  • 사료에 대한 난용성 식이섬유(Vitacel®)의 첨가가 이유자돈의 생산성 및 영양소 소화율에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 평균 체중 6.49 kg(SD=0.52) 및 평균 일령 23일(SD=2.1)인 교잡종(Landrace$\time$Yorkshire) 거세돈 96두를 4처리 12반복으로 배치하여 40일간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험은 4처리를 두었으며, 시험처리는 1) 대조구, 2) 대조구+0.3% 난용성 식이섬유(IDF, Insoluble Dietary Fiber) 첨가구, 3) 대조구+0.6% IDF 첨가구 및 4) 대조구+0.9% IDF 첨가구였다. 사료 영양소 소화율 측정을 위한 분 채취는 diet 2를 급여 후 8-9일 및 18~19일째에 각 돈방 별로 실시하였으며, 소화율을 측정하기 위한 표식제로는 Celite-545(Fluka)를 1 % 사용하였다. 시험 전 기간(0~40일간) 동안, 일당증체량은 IDF 0.3% 첨가구가 기초사료 급여군, IDF 0.6% 첨가군 및 IDF 0.9% 첨가군에 비해 높았으며(P<0.05), IDF 0.6% 첨가군은 기초사료 급여군에 비해 일당증체량이 높았으나(P<0.05), IDF 0.9 % 첨가구와 기초사료 급여군 간에는 유의차가 인정되지 않았다(P>0.05). 일당섭취량은 IDF 0.3% 첨가구가 모든 처리구에 비해 유의적으로 높았으며(P<0.05), 기초사료 급여구, IDF 0.6% 첨가구 및 IDF 0.9% 첨가구 사이에서는 통계적인 유의차가 인정되지 않았다(P>0.05). 유기물, 조단백질, 조섬유 및 에너지 소화율은 IDF 0.3% 첨가구에서 기초사료 급여구 보다 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05), 그러나 IDF 0.6% 첨가구와 IDF 0.9% 첨가구간에는 양양소 소화율에서 유의적인 차이가 관찰되지 않았으며, IDF 0.6% 이상의 첨가구와 기초사료 급여구 간에도 ADF(산성세제섬유소) 소화율을 제외한 다른 영양소 소화율에는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다 (P>0.05). 본 실험에서 이유자돈 사료에 IDF의 첨가는 첨가수준에 따른 quadratic 생산성 개선 효과를 보여주었으며, 이러한 결과는 IDF 첨가에 따른 영양소 소화율 개선 효과로부터 기인된다고 판단해 볼 수 있다.

방사선 스트레스 반응 방어 유전자의 탐색 및 발현 분석 (Expression profile of defense-related genes in response to gamma radiation stress)

  • 박누리;하혜정;사미나단 수브라야;최서희;전용삼;진용태;도옥화;쉬프라 쿠마리;이긍주
    • Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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    • 제43권3호
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    • pp.359-366
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    • 2016
  • 자주달개비는 닭의장풀과의 다년생 식물로, 자주달개비의 수술털은 이온화 방사선에 노출될 경우 분홍색 또는 흰색으로 체세포 돌연변이가 쉽게 일어나 방사선 지표식물로 생물학적인 반응 연구 등에 효과적으로 이용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는, 자주달개비 BNL 4430을 대상으로 50, 250, 500, 1000 mGy에 해당하는 감마선($^{60}Co$)을 조사한 후 13일차에 있는 샘플을 대상으로 만개한 꽃을 채취하여 RNA를 추출하였다. 추출한 RNA를 바탕으로 Illumina Hi-seq를 이용하여 각 선량에 해당하는 전사체 및 특이발현유전자(Differentially expressed genes, DEGs)를 분석하였다. 전사체는 총 77,326개로, 방사선 비처리구에 비해 2배 이상 상향 발현된 유전자는 50 mGy에서 116개, 250 mGy에서 222개, 500 mGy에서 246개, 1000 mGy에서 308개로 밝혀졌으며, 이 중 각 선량별 특이적으로 반응하는 유전자인 heat shock protein 70 famaily protein, IQ-domain 6, KAR-UP oxidoreductase, zinc transporter 1 precursor를 선발하여 13일차의 RNA 샘플을 대상으로 RT-PCR 및 qRT-PCR을 이용하여 저선량 방사선에 반응하는 유전자를 검정하였다. 검정 결과 DEGs data와 매우 유사한 양상을 보였으며, 선량별로 2.3배에서 최대 96.59배의 높은 발현을 확인하였다. 선발한 유전자는 대부분 세포 내 방어기작과 관련이 되어있는 유전자였으며, 이중 KAR-UP oxidoreductase의 경우 A. thaliana에서 발아와 관련이 있는 유전자로 알려져 있었는데, 이번 연구를 통해 저선량 방사선에 의해서 반응하는 유전자로도 확인이 되었다. 저선량 방사선에 노출된 자주달개비의 유전자 정보를 바탕으로, 저선량의 방사선이 식물체에 미치는 영향과 발현 기작을 연구하는 데에 분자적 수준의 정보를 제공할 수 있게 되었으며, 저선량 방사선의 생물학적 안정성 확보를 위한 감시 보조수단으로 자주달개비가 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

소규모 기업에 있어서 지식소싱 전략이 기업성과에 미치는 영향 고찰 (An Examination of Knowledge Sourcing Strategies Effects on Corporate Performance in Small Enterprises)

  • 최병구
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.57-81
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    • 2008
  • Knowledge is an essential strategic weapon for sustaining competitive advantage and is the key determinant for organizational growth. When knowledge is shared and disseminated throughout the organization, it increases an organization's value by providing the ability to respond to new and unusual situations. The growing importance of knowledge as a critical resource has forced executives to pay attention to their organizational knowledge. Organizations are increasingly undertaking knowledge management initiatives and making significant investments. Knowledge sourcing is considered as the first important step in effective knowledge management. Most firms continue to make an effort to realize the benefits of knowledge management by using various knowledge sources effectively. Appropriate knowledge sourcing strategies enable organizations to create, acquire, and access knowledge in a timely manner by reducing search and transfer costs, which result in better firm performance. In response, the knowledge management literature has devoted substantial attention to the analysis of knowledge sourcing strategies. Many studies have categorized knowledge sourcing strategies into intemal- and external-oriented. Internal-oriented sourcing strategy attempts to increase firm performance by integrating knowledge within the boundary of the firm. On the contrary, external-oriented strategy attempts to bring knowledge in from outside sources via either acquisition or imitation, and then to transfer that knowledge across to the organization. However, the extant literature on knowledge sourcing strategies focuses primarily on large organizations. Although many studies have clearly highlighted major differences between large and small firms and the need to adopt different strategies for different firm sizes, scant attention has been given to analyzing how knowledge sourcing strategies affect firm performance in small firms and what are the differences between small and large firms in the patterns of knowledge sourcing strategies adoption. This study attempts to advance the current literature by examining the impact of knowledge sourcing strategies on small firm performance from a holistic perspective. By drawing on knowledge based theory from organization science and complementarity theory from the economics literature, this paper is motivated by the following questions: (1) what are the adoption patterns of different knowledge sourcing strategies in small firms (i,e., what sourcing strategies should be adopted and which sourcing strategies work well together in small firms)?; and (2) what are the performance implications of these adoption patterns? In order to answer the questions, this study developed three hypotheses. First hypothesis based on knowledge based theory is that internal-oriented knowledge sourcing is positively associated with small firm performance. Second hypothesis developed on the basis of knowledge based theory is that external-oriented knowledge sourcing is positively associated with small firm performance. The third one based on complementarity theory is that pursuing both internal- and external-oriented knowledge sourcing simultaneously is negatively or less positively associated with small firm performance. As a sampling frame, 700 firms were identified from the Annual Corporation Report in Korea. Survey questionnaires were mailed to owners or executives who were most erudite about the firm s knowledge sourcing strategies and performance. A total of 188 companies replied, yielding a response rate of 26.8%. Due to incomplete data, 12 responses were eliminated, leaving 176 responses for the final analysis. Since all independent variables were measured using continuous variables, supermodularity function was used to test the hypotheses based on the cross partial derivative of payoff function. The results indicated no significant impact of internal-oriented sourcing strategies while positive impact of external-oriented sourcing strategy on small firm performance. This intriguing result could be explained on the basis of various resource and capital constraints of small firms. Small firms typically have restricted financial and human resources. They do not have enough assets to always develop knowledge internally. Another possible explanation is competency traps or core rigidities. Building up a knowledge base based on internal knowledge creates core competences, but at the same time, excessive internal focused knowledge exploration leads to behaviors blind to other knowledge. Interestingly, this study found that Internal- and external-oriented knowledge sourcing strategies had a substitutive relationship, which was inconsistent with previous studies that suggested complementary relationship between them. This result might be explained using organizational identification theory. Internal organizational members may perceive external knowledge as a threat, and tend to ignore knowledge from external sources because they prefer to maintain their own knowledge, legitimacy, and homogeneous attitudes. Therefore, integrating knowledge from internal and external sources might not be effective, resulting in failure of improvements of firm performance. Another possible explanation is small firms resource and capital constraints and lack of management expertise and absorptive capacity. Although the integration of different knowledge sources is critical, high levels of knowledge sourcing in many areas are quite expensive and so are often unrealistic for small enterprises. This study provides several implications for research as well as practice. First this study extends the existing knowledge by examining the substitutability (and complementarity) of knowledge sourcing strategies. Most prior studies have tended to investigate the independent effects of these strategies on performance without considering their combined impacts. Furthermore, this study tests complementarity based on the productivity approach that has been considered as a definitive test method for complementarity. Second, this study sheds new light on knowledge management research by identifying the relationship between knowledge sourcing strategies and small firm performance. Most current literature has insisted complementary relationship between knowledge sourcing strategies on the basis of data from large firms. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, this study identifies substitutive relationship between knowledge sourcing strategies using data from small firms. Third, implications for practice highlight that managers of small firms should focus on knowledge sourcing from external-oriented strategies. Moreover, adoption of both sourcing strategies simultaneousiy impedes small firm performance.

견관절부 외상후 발생된 Shoulder-Hand Syndrome (A Case of the Shoulder-Hand Syndrome Caused by a Crush Injury of the Shoulder)

  • 전재수;이성근;송후빈;김선종;박욱;김성열
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • 제2권2호
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    • pp.155-166
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    • 1989
  • Bonica defined, that reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) may develop pain, vasomotor abnoramalities, delayed functional recovery, and dystrophic changes on an affected area without major neurologic injury following trauma, surgery or one of several diseased states. This 45 year old male patient had been crushed on his left shoulder by a heavily laden rear car, during his job street cleaning about 10 years ago (1978). At first the pain was localizea only to the site of injury, but with time, it spreaded from the shoulder to the elbow and hand, with swelling. X-ray studies in the local clinic, showed no bone abnormalities of the affected site. During about 10 years following the injury, the had recieved several types of treatments such as nonsteroidal analgesics, steroid injections into the glenoidal cavity (10 times), physical therapy, some oriental herb medicines, and acupuncture over a period of 1~3 months annually. His shoulder pain and it's joint dysfunction persisted with recurrent paroxysmal aggrevation because of being mismanaged or neglected for a sufficiently long period these fore permiting progression of the sympathetic imbalance. On July 14 1988 when he visited our clinic. He complained of burning, aching and had a hyperpathic response or hyperesthesia in touch from the shoulder girdle to the elbow and the hand. Also the skin of the affected area was pale, cold, and there was much sweating of the axilla and palm, but no edema. The shoulder girdle was unable to move due to joint pain with marked weakness. We confirmed skin temperatures $5^{\circ}C$ lower than those of the unaffected axilla, elbow and palm of his hand, and his nails were slightly ridged with lateral arching and some were brittle. On X-ray findings of both the shoulder AP & lateral view, the left humerus and joint area showed diffuse post-traumatic osteoporosis and fibrous ankylozing with an osteoarthritis-like appearance. For evaluating the RSD and it's relief of pain, the left cervical sympathetic ganglion was blocked by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine 5 ml with normal saline 5 ml (=SGB). After 15 minutes following the SGB, the clinical efficacy of the block by the patients subjective score of pain intensity (=PSSPI), showed a 50% reduction of his shoulder and arm pain, which was burning in quality, and a hyperpathic response against palpation by the examiner. The skin temperatures of the axilla and palm rose to $4{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ more than those before the SGB. He felt that his left face and upper extremity became warmer than before the SGB, and that he had reduced sweating on his axilla and his palm. Horner's sign was also observed on his face and eyes. But his deep shoulder joint pain was not improved. For the control of the remaining shoulder joint pain, after 45 minutes following the SGB, a somatic sensory block was performed by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine 6 ml mixed with salmon calcitonin, $Tridol^{(R)}$, $Polydyn^{(R)}$ and triamcinolone into the fossa of the acromioclavicular joint region. The clinical effect of the somatic block showed an 80% releif of the deep joint pain by the PSSPI of the joint motion. Both blocks, as the above mentioned, were repeated a total of 28 times respectively, during 6 months, except the steroid was used just 3 times from the start. For maintaining the relieved pain level whilst using both blocks, we prescribed a low dose of clonazepam, prazocin, $Etravil^{(R)}$, codeine, etodolac micronized and antacids over 6 months. The result of the treatments were as follows; 1) The burning, aching and hyperpathic condition which accompanied with vaosmotor and pseudomotor dysfunction, disappeared gradually to almost nothing, within 3 weeks from the starting of the blocks every other day. 2) The joint disability of the affected area was improved little by little within 6 months. 3) The post-traumatic osteoporosis, fibrous ankylosis and marginal sclerosis with a narrowed joint, showed not much improvement on the X-ray findings (on April 25, 1989) 10 months later in the follow-up. 4) Now he has returned to his job as a street cleaner.

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동해안의 산불피해지역에서 참나무 잎 생산량과 초식 피해의 관계 (Relationship between Damage by Herbivore and Leaf Production of Oaks in the Burnt Area of the East Coastal Region, Korea)

  • 이경신;홍보람;이규송
    • 환경생물
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    • 제36권2호
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    • pp.206-216
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    • 2018
  • 동해안 산불피해지역에서 참나무 잎 생산량의 시공간적 변이가 초식자의 밀도, 종풍부도 및 초식 피해에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 본 조사지역에서 참나무 잎의 주요 초식자는 나방 유충이었다. 초식곤충의 유충의 종풍부도와 밀도가 가장 높아지는 시기는 8월 중순이었다. 연간 출현한 초식곤충 유충의 60.5%가 8~9월에 집중적으로 출현하였다. 참나무 잎 생산량이 가장 많은 시기는 7~8월이었고, 초식곤충에 의한 피해가 가장 많은 시기는 8~9월이었다. 조사시기와 장소에 따라 참나무 잎 생산량, 초식곤충의 유충밀도 및 종풍부도는 큰 변이를 나타내었다. 본 조사지역에서 7~8월에 평균 참나무 잎 생산량은 $0.96ton\;ha^{-1}$로 추정되었다. 또한 이 시기에 참나무 잎의 생산량은 $0.34{\sim}1.89ton\;ha^{-1}$의 공간적인 변이를 나타내었다. 8월에 초식자에 의한 참나무 잎의 소비량은 $0.15{\sim}1.51ton\;ha^{-1}$의 공간적인 변이를 나타내었다. 참나무 잎의 생산량이 많은 곳일수록 초식자의 종풍부도와 밀도가 증가하는 경향이 있었다. 참나무 잎 생산량의 증가에 따라 초식자에 의한 소비량과 소비비율도 증가하였다. 이것은 참나무 잎의 생산이 많은 시기와 공간으로 초식자들이 모이는 집중화 반응이 일어난다는 것을 의미한다. 산불피해지역에서 먹이자원의 시공간적인 이질성과 그로 인한 먹이망의 상위단계에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 산불지역 생태계의 구조와 기능을 정량적으로 이해하고 평가하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다.

식도암에서 동시 항암화학방사선요법과 관내근접치료의 결과 -생존율을 중심으로 한 후향적 분석- (Results of Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy and Intraluminal Brachytherapy in Esophageal Carcinoma - Retrospective Analysis with Respect to Survival -)

  • 남택근;나병식;정웅기;안성자;송주영
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • 제22권1호
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    • pp.25-32
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    • 2004
  • 목적 : 동시 항암화학방사선요법 또는 항암화학방사선요법 후 관내근접치료를 추가한 식도 환자를 대상으로 생존율을 중심으로 한 후향적 분석을 통해 이의 역할을 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 1995년 4월부터 20이년 7월까지 총 65명의 환자가 동시 항암화학방사선요법을 받았고, 이 중 21명에서 관내근접치료가 추가로 시행되었다. 외부방사선치료는 6 MV 또는 10 MV X-ray로 원발병소에 $46.8\~69.6$ Gy (중앙값: 59.4)를 시행하였다. 근접치료는 Ir-192를 이용한 고선량률 방식으로서 분할방법은 3 Gy씩 4회 또는 5 Gy 씩 2회 시행하였다. 항암화학제로서 Cisplatin은 75 $mg/m^2$의 용량으로 매 회 첫 날 시행하였고, 5-FU는 1,000 $mg/m^2$의 용량으로 매 회 첫 4일간 지속적 정주를 시행하여 4주 간격으로 총 4회 시행하였다. 결과 : 전체 환자의 중앙생존기간은 15개월이었고, 1, 2, 3년 생존율은 각각 $55.4\%$, $29.2\%$, $20.7\%$이었다. 관내근접치료를 시행한 군과 시행하지 않은 군의 2년 생존율은 각각 $33.3\%$, $27.3\%$이었다(p=0.80). 완전관해, 부분관해, 무반응 등의 종양반응을 보인 환자 군의 2년 생존율은 각각 $4401\%,\;13.8\%,\;0\%$이었다(p=0.02). 방사선치료 후 종양반응만이 생존율에 유의하게 영향을 미치는 유일한 예후인자였다. 결론 : 과거의 방사선 단독치료에 비하여 동시 항암화학방사선요법으로 생존율이 크게 향상됨을 알 수 있었으나, 관내근접치료의 추가에 따른 양호한 결과는 없었다.$141\%$인 반면 6개월 이후에 방사선치료를 시행한 경우는 $27\%$였다(p=0.24). 국소재발과 관련하여 시행한 단변량 및 다변량 분석에서는 항암화학요법의 병행 유무가 가장 유의한 예후인자 였다. 그러나 방사선과 항암제의 병행 방법에 따른 생존율이나 국소재발률의 차이는 보이지 않았다. 전체 환자의 약 1/3에서 방사선치료 후 $2\~92$개월(중앙값: 21개월) 사이에 원격전이가 관찰되었고 가장 흔히 침범되는 장기는 골이었다. 17명($20\%$)의 환자에서 방사선폐렴이 확인되었고 방사선 완료 후 $2\~7$개월(중앙값: 3개월) 사이에 발생하였다 이중 $65\%$ (l1/17)의 환자에 서는 단순흉부촬영상 폐섬유화 소견이 잔존하였다. 결론: 본 연구를 통하여 유방절제술 후 방사선치료가 필요하였던 유방암 환자에서 항암제의 병행 치료는 방사선 단독치료에 비해 종양의 국소제어율과 생존율이 향상됨을 알 수 있었다..015)과 사이질(p=0.025)에서 특히 증가되었으나, PDGF와 FGF-2는 감소되었다. Captopril과 방사선조사 병용군은 2주에 방사선 조사 단독군에 비하여 $TNF-{\alpha}$, $TGF-{\beta}$l, PDGF의 발현이 감소되었으며, 8주에는 심방과 심실의 심장막에서 $TNF-{\alpha}$가 현저히 감소되었고(p=0.049, p=0.009) $TGF-{\beta}1$, PDGF의 경우 감소되는 경향을 보였으나 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결론 : 흰쥐의 심장에 captopril을 방사선과 병용 투여하여 병리조직 소견을 관찰한 결과 방사선에 의한 조기 심장 손상이 감소됨을 확인할 수 있었다

자기공명분석기를 이용한 통증관리 (Clinical Study of Acute and Chronic Pain by the Application of Magnetic Resonance Analyser $I_{TM}$)

  • 박욱;진희철;조명현;윤석준;이진승;이정석;최석환;김성열
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • 제6권2호
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    • pp.192-198
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    • 1993
  • In 1984, a magnetic resonance spectrometer(magnetic resonance analyser, MRA $I_{TM}$) was developed by Sigrid Lipsett and Ronald J. Weinstock in the USA, Biomedical applications of the spectrometer have been examined by Dr. Hoang Van Duc(pathologist, USC), and Nakamura, et al(Japan). From their theoretical views, the biophysical functions of this machine are to analyse and synthesize a healthy tissue and organ resonance pattern, and to detect and correct an abnormal tissue and organ resonance pattern. All of the above functions are based on Quantum physics. The healthy tissue and organ resonance patterns are predetermined as standard magnetic resonance patterns by digitizing values based on peak resonance emissions(response levels or high pitched echo-sounds amplified via human body). In clinical practice, a counter or neutralizing resonance pattern calculated by the spectrometer can correct a phase-shifted resonance pattern(response levels or low pitched echo-sounds) of a diseased tissue and organ. By administering the counter resonance pattern into the site of pain and trigger point, it is possible to readjust the phase-shifted resonance pattern and then to alleviate pain through regulation of the neurotransmitter function of the nervous system. For assessing clinical effectiveness of pain relief with MRA $I_{TM}$ this study was designed to estimate pain intensity by the patient's subjective verbal rating scale(VRS such as graded to no pain, mild, moderate and severe) before application of it, to evaluate an amount of pain relief as applied the spectrometer by the patients subjective pain relief scale(visual analogue scale, VAS, 0~100%), and then to observe a continuation of pain relief following its application for managing acute and chronic pain in the 102 patients during an 8 months period beginning March, 1993. An application time of the spectrometer ranged from 15 to 30 minutes daily in each patient at or near the site of pain and trigger point when the patient wanted to be treated. The subjects consisted of 54 males and 48 females, with the age distribution between 23~40 years in 29 cases, 41~60 years in 48 cases and 61~76 years in 25 cases respectively(Table 1). The kinds of diagnosis and the main site of pain, the duration of pain before the application, and the frequency of it's application were recorded on the Table 2, 3 and 4. A distinction between acute and chronic pain was defined according to both of the pain intervals lasting within and over 3 months. The results of application of the spectrometer were noted as follows; In 51 cases of acute pain before the application, the pain intensities were rated mild in 10 cases, moderate in 15 cases and severe in 26 cases. The amounts of pain relief were noted as between 30~50% in 9 cases, 51~70% in 13 cases and 71~95% in 29 cases. The continuation of pain relief appeared between 6~24 hours in two cases, 2~5 days in 10 cases, 6~14 days in 4 cases, 15 days in one case, and completely relived of pain in 34 cases(Table 5~7). In 51 cases of chronic pain before the application, the pain intensities were rated mild in 12 cases, moderate in l8 cases and severe in 21 cases. The amounts of pain relief were noted as between 0~50% in 10 cases, 51~70% in 27 cases and 71~90% in 14 cases. The continuation of pain relief appeared to have no effect in two cases. The level of effective duration was between 6~12 hours in two cases, 2~5 days in 11 cases, 6~14 days in 14 cases, 15~60 days in 9 cases and in 13 cases the patient was completely relieved of pain(Table 5~7). There were no complications in the patients except a mild reddening and tingling sensation of skin while applying the spectrometer. Total amounts of pain relief in all of the subjects were accounted as poor and fair in 19(18.6%) cases, good in 40(39.2%) cases and excellent in 43(42.2%) cases. The clinical effectiveness of MRA $I_{TM}$ showed variable distributions from no improvements to complete relief of pain by the patient's assessment. In conclusion, we suggest that MRA $I_{TM}$ may be successful in immediate and continued pain relief but still requires several treatments for continued relief and may be gradually effective in pain relief while being applied repeatedly.

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불량환경하(不良環境下)에서의 제초제(除草劑) 약해(藥害)와 경감기술(輕減技術) (Herbicidal Phytotoxicity under Adverse Environments and Countermeasures)

  • 권용웅;황형식;강병화
    • 한국잡초학회지
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    • 제13권4호
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    • pp.210-233
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    • 1993
  • The herbicide has become indispensable as much as nitrogen fertilizer in Korean agriculture from 1970 onwards. It is estimated that in 1991 more than 40 herbicides were registered for rice crop and treated to an area 1.41 times the rice acreage ; more than 30 herbicides were registered for field crops and treated to 89% of the crop area ; the treatment acreage of 3 non-selective foliar-applied herbicides reached 2,555 thousand hectares. During the last 25 years herbicides have benefited the Korean farmers substantially in labor, cost and time of farming. Any herbicide which causes crop injury in ordinary uses is not allowed to register in most country. Herbicides, however, can cause crop injury more or less when they are misused, abused or used under adverse environments. The herbicide use more than 100% of crop acreage means an increased probability of which herbicides are used wrong or under adverse situation. This is true as evidenced by that about 25% of farmers have experienced the herbicide caused crop injury more than once during last 10 years on authors' nationwide surveys in 1992 and 1993 ; one-half of the injury incidences were with crop yield loss greater than 10%. Crop injury caused by herbicide had not occurred to a serious extent in the 1960s when the herbicides fewer than 5 were used by farmers to the field less than 12% of total acreage. Farmers ascribed about 53% of the herbicidal injury incidences at their fields to their misuses such as overdose, careless or improper application, off-time application or wrong choice of the herbicide, etc. While 47% of the incidences were mainly due to adverse natural conditions. Such misuses can be reduced to a minimum through enhanced education/extension services for right uses and, although undesirable, increased farmers' experiences of phytotoxicity. The most difficult primary problem arises from lack of countermeasures for farmers to cope with various adverse environmental conditions. At present almost all the herbicides have"Do not use!" instructions on label to avoid crop injury under adverse environments. These "Do not use!" situations Include sandy, highly percolating, or infertile soils, cool water gushing paddy, poorly draining paddy, terraced paddy, too wet or dry soils, days of abnormally cool or high air temperature, etc. Meanwhile, the cultivated lands are under poor conditions : the average organic matter content ranges 2.5 to 2.8% in paddy soil and 2.0 to 2.6% in upland soil ; the canon exchange capacity ranges 8 to 12 m.e. ; approximately 43% of paddy and 56% of upland are of sandy to sandy gravel soil ; only 42% of paddy and 16% of upland fields are on flat land. The present situation would mean that about 40 to 50% of soil applied herbicides are used on the field where the label instructs "Do not use!". Yet no positive effort has been made for 25 years long by government or companies to develop countermeasures. It is a really sophisticated social problem. In the 1960s and 1970s a subside program to incoporate hillside red clayish soil into sandy paddy as well as campaign for increased application of compost to the field had been operating. Yet majority of the sandy soils remains sandy and the program and campaign had been stopped. With regard to this sandy soil problem the authors have developed a method of "split application of a herbicide onto sandy soil field". A model case study has been carried out with success and is introduced with key procedure in this paper. Climate is variable in its nature. Among the climatic components sudden fall or rise in temperature is hardly avoidable for a crop plant. Our spring air temperature fluctuates so much ; for example, the daily mean air temperature of Inchon city varied from 6.31 to $16.81^{\circ}C$ on April 20, early seeding time of crops, within${\times}$2Sd range of 30 year records. Seeding early in season means an increased liability to phytotoxicity, and this will be more evident in direct water-seeding of rice. About 20% of farmers depend on the cold underground-water pumped for rice irrigation. If the well is deep over 70m, the fresh water may be about $10^{\circ}C$ cold. The water should be warmed to about $20^{\circ}C$ before irrigation. This is not so practiced well by farmers. In addition to the forementioned adverse conditions there exist many other aspects to be amended. Among them the worst for liquid spray type herbicides is almost total lacking in proper knowledge of nozzle types and concern with even spray by the administrative, rural extension officers, company and farmers. Even not available in the market are the nozzles and sprayers appropriate for herbicides spray. Most people perceive all the pesticide sprayers same and concern much with the speed and easiness of spray, not with correct spray. There exist many points to be improved to minimize herbicidal phytotoxicity in Korea and many ways to achieve the goal. First of all it is suggested that 1) the present evaluation of a new herbicide at standard and double doses in registration trials is to be an evaluation for standard, double and triple doses to exploit the response slope in making decision for approval and recommendation of different dose for different situation on label, 2) the government is to recognize the facts and nature of the present problem to correct the present misperceptions and to develop an appropriate national program for improvement of soil conditions, spray equipment, extention manpower and services, 3) the researchers are to enhance researches on the countermeasures and 4) the herbicide makers/dealers are to correct their misperceptions and policy for sales, to develop database on the detailed use conditions of consumer one by one and to serve the consumers with direct counsel based on the database.

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