• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.529-545
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• 2013

Strong restrictions on emissions from marine power plants (particularly $SO_x$, $NO_x$) will probably be adopted in the near future. In this paper, a combined solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and gas turbine fuelled by natural gas is proposed as an attractive option to limit the environmental impact of the marine sector. It includes a study of a heat-recovery system for 18 MW SOFC fuelled by natural gas, to provide the electric power demand onboard commercial vessels. Feasible heat-recovery systems are investigated, taking into account different operating conditions of the combined system. Two types of SOFC are considered, tubular and planar SOFCs, operated with either natural gas or hydrogen fuels. This paper includes a detailed thermodynamic analysis for the combined system. Mass and energy balances are performed, not only for the whole plant but also for each individual component, in order to evaluate the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle. In addition, the effect of using natural gas as a fuel on the fuel cell voltage and performance is investigated. It is found that a high overall efficiency approaching 70% may be achieved with an optimum configuration using SOFC system under pressure. The hybrid system would also reduce emissions, fuel consumption, and improve the total system efficiency.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.547-567
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• 2015

This study investigates the behavior of group of tapered and cylindrical piles. The bearing capacities of groups of tapered and cylindrical piles are computed and compared. Modeling of group of piles in this study is conducted in sand using three-dimensional finite element software. For this purpose, total bearing capacity of each group is firstly calculated using the load-displacement curve under specific load and common techniques. Then, the model of group of piles is reloaded under this calculated capacity to find group settlements, stress states on the lateral surfaces of group block, efficiency of group and etc. In order to calculate the efficiency of each group, single tapered and cylindrical piles are modeled separately. Comparison for both tapered and cylindrical group of piles with same volume is conducted and a relation to predict tapered pile group efficiency is developed. A parametric study is also performed by changing parameters such as tapered angle, angle of internal friction of sand, dilatancy angle of soil and coefficient of lateral earth pressure to find their influences on single pile and pile group behavior.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.373-395
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• 2015

Comprehensive results from cyclic plate loading at a diameter of 300 mm supported by layers of geocell are presented. The plate load tests were performed in a test pit measuring $2000{\times}2000mm$ in plane and 700 mm in depth. To simulate half and full traffic loadings, fifteen loading and unloading cycles were applied to the loading plate with amplitudes of 400 and 800 kPa. The optimum embedded depth of the first layer of geocell beneath the loading plate and the optimum vertical spacing of geocell layers, based on plate settlement, are both approximately 0.2 times loading plate diameter. The results show that installation of the geocell layers in the foundation bed, increase the resilient behavior in addition to reduction of accumulated plastic and total settlement of pavement system. Efficiency of geocell reinforcement was decreased by increasing the number of the geocell layers for all applied stress levels and number of cycles of applied loading. The results of the testing reveal the ability of the multiple layers of geocell reinforcement to 'shakedown' to a fully resilient behavior after a period of plastic settlement except when there is little or no reinforcement and the applied cyclic pressure are large. When shakedown response is observed, then both the accumulated plastic settlement prior to a steady-state response being obtained and the resilient settlements thereafter are reduced. The use of four layers of geocell respectively decreases the total and residual plastic settlements about 53% and 63% and increases the resilient settlement 145% compared with the unreinforced case. The inclusion of the geocell layers also reduces the vertical stress transferred down through the pavement by distributing the load over a wider area. For example, at the end of the load cycle of the applied pressure of 800 kPa, the transferred pressure at the depth of 510 mm is reduced about 21.4%, 43.9%, 56.1% for the reinforced bases with one, two, and three layers of geocell, respectively, compared to the stress in the unreinforced bed.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.391-402
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• 2017

근래에 미세먼지가 대기환경 관련하여 이슈가 되고 있으며, 초미세먼지의 효과적인 집진을 위하여 대용량화가 용이한 여과집진기가 상업적으로 사용될 수 있는지에 대한 평가가 필요하다. 실험실 규모의 여과집진 장치를 제작하여, PTFE 재질의 부직포 여과백 또는 PTFE membrane이 코팅된 PTFE 재질의 부직포 여과백에서의 미세먼지 집진특성을 파악하기 위하여 집진실험을 수행하였다. 실험 변수로 여과속도, 투입 먼지 농도, 입도분포가 다른 먼지 종류 등을 사용한 실험에서, 여과속도가 낮을수록, 먼지 투입농도가 높을수록, 평균입도가 클수록 집진효율이 높았으며, 여과속도가 높고, 먼지 투입농도가 높을수록 압력손실이 높게 나타났다. Pore size가 상대적으로 작은 PTFE membrane이 코팅된 여과백을 사용한 경우, 코팅이 되지 않은 여과백을 사용한 경우에 비하여 집진효율이 높고, 표면여과에 따른 포집 먼지층 저항계수가 낮아져 압력손실이 낮게 나타났다. PTFE membrane이 코팅된 여과백을 사용하여 off-line 탈진을 수행할 경우, 적정 여과속도 범위 내에서 $PM_{2.5}$에 대한 집진효율이 99.99% 이상으로 매우 높게 유지됨에 따라, 여과집진기를 사용하여 초미세먼지를 효과적으로 집진할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.544-549
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 온도 변화 방법과 압력을 이용하여 계란 내부로 다시마 추출물의 침투 효율을 분석하였다. 다시마 추출물은 $100^{\circ}C$에서 3시간 동안 다시마 무게의 10배(w/w)의 증류수를 가하여 열수 추출하였다. 대기압에서 다시마 추출물의 지표 성분으로 요오드와 총 폴리페놀의 침투 효율은 30, 40, $50^{\circ}C$에서 3시간 동안 침지시킨 다음 침투된 요오드와 총 폴리페놀 함량을 측정함으로써 분석하는 경우와 $50^{\circ}C$에서 3시간 동안 예열한 다음 $4^{\circ}C$로 온도 변화를 유동하여 침지시켜 침투된 요오드와 총 폴리페놀 함량을 측정함으로써 분석하였다. 요오드와 총 폴리페놀 함량의 침투 효율은 침투 온도가 증가할수록 향상되었다. 그리고 요오드와 총 폴리페놀의 침투는 온도 변화를 하지 않은 경우 각각 3시간 동안 72 ${\mu}g/100$ mg과 1.48 mg/mL가 침투된 반면, 온도변화를 유도한 경우 각각 3시간 동안 121 ${\mu}g/100$ mg과 1.74 mg/mL가 침투되어 침투 효율이 증가되었으며, $50^{\circ}C$에서 3시간 예열한 다음 $4^{\circ}C$로 온도 변화하여 3시간 침투시킨 계란에서 가장 높은 침투 효율을 나타내었다. 그리고 5기압의 압력 조건에서 온도 변화를 유도하지 않고 $50^{\circ}C$에서 90분간 침투시킨 경우 침투된 요오드와 총 폴리페놀 함량이 각각 105 ${\mu}g/100$ mg과 1.56 mg/mL로 나타난 반면, 온도 변화를 유도한 경우 각각 139 ${\mu}g/100$ mg과 1.74 mg/mL의 함량을 나타내어 압력에 의해 온도 변화 방법의 침투 효율은 향상되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 온도 변화 방법과 압력조건을 통하여 계란 내부로 다시마 추출물의 향상된 침투효율을 확인하였으며, 이는 다시마 추출물 이외의 다양한 조미성분과 기능성 식품 소재의 침투 가능성을 제시함으로써 효율적인 직접 소비가 가능한 계란 가공 공정의 확립이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.283-290
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• 2017

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between filter replacement and filter performance change in particulate filters used in the workplace. Methods: Three types of particulate respirator filters are mainly used in the workplaces. These were tested against the filter performance safety certification standard for dust masks established by the Ministry of Employment and Labor(MoEL). Used filters were collected to test their performance, such as filter pressure drop, efficiency, and quality factors. All these factors were evaluated by a filter tester. To compare filter performance between used and new ones, the same kinds of new filters were also tested together under the same procedures. Results: A total of 270 used filters were collected for testing. The main reasons to replace the filters were difficulty in breathing(46.2%), dirty/odor influx(19.7%), and a combination of factors(26.7%). The pressure drop for two special class groups was significantly different(new filters: $20.72{\pm}3.33mmH_2O$; used filters: $24.70{\pm}5.26mmH_2O$, p<0.0001). In the case of penetration, new filter groups indicated $0.0032{\pm}0.0040%$, while that of the used filters was $0.0596{\pm}0.1187%$. The quality factor for the used filters($0.34{\pm}0.09$) significantly decreased compared to the new filters($0.53{\pm}0.08$) (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Filter performance including pressure drop, penetration, and the quality factor was evaluated and compared between new and used filters in the workplace. The results showed that general filter performance deteriorated more for change of pressure drop, penetration and the quality factor.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.189-195
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of shoes with curved out-sole on the pressure, reaction force(sum of pressure) on foot and relations between the rolling speeds and pronation of foot. The foot pressure, reaction force and pressure center on the foot surface of shoe were measured with NOVEL padar system, and 3 type shoes were used to compare the position and speed of pressure center and the foot reaction force, which were s(target) shoe with soft cushions in middle part of out-sole and curved out-sole, m shoes with two type- soft, hard, hardness out-sole and curved out-sole and n shoes with flat out-sole. The subjects were 13 female university students, had weared the 3 type shoes for 6 weeks on two-weeks shifts for adaptation before experiment and put on 3-type shoes repeatedly and randomly and walked on treadmill with 3.5km/h and 80 steps/min. The data were captured with 30Hz and readjusted with 5kgf threshold reaction force. The results can be summarized as follow. 1. There were no difference in maximum reaction force on initial contact period and total foot impact, but statistical difference in maximum reaction force on takeoff period : s, m, n in ascending order. 2. There were some difference in rolling speeds for support periods. At initial contact, the rolling speed of s shoes was fastest but at periods between first and second maximum reaction force, that of m shoes fastest. 3. There was a negative relation between rolling speeds and the length of lever arm on initial reaction force related to pronation. It seems shoes with various curved shapes and hardness could make effects on the rolling features and the rolling speed also have some relationships with walking efficiency, absortion of impact and pronation.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2002년도 추계 학술대회논문집
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• pp.150-155
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• 2002

A commercial CFD code is applied to analyze the 3-D viscous flow field within vertical multi-stage centrifugal pump including impeller with 6 blades and guide vane with 11 blades and is performed by changing flow rate from 10 to $26m^3/h$ at the constant 3500rpm. The purpose of this 3-D numerical simulation is not only to confirm how much the effect of three kinds of blade inlet breadth (11mm, 11.5mm, 12mm) of impeller has influence on the performance of vertical multi-stage pump but also to make clear the cause about performance difference at the exit side of impeller and guide vane. The vertical multi-stage pump consisit of the impeller, guide, vane and cylinder. The grid of numerical analysis used to the vertical multi-stage pump is 18,000, 45,000, and 100000 cells in case of the impeller, guide vane, cylinder and total grid is 730,000 cells. The characteristics such as total pressure coefficient, total head, shaft horse power, power efficiency at the exit side of impeller and guide vane, discharge coefficient are represented according to flow rage changing.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 초고압 추출공정을 이용하여 전통적인 기존 추출공정과 비교함으로써 초고압 추출공정에 의한 꼬마칼라감자의 항산화 활성 증진을 확인하고자 연구를 수행하였다. 초고압 처리 추출물의 수율이 15분 처리시 2.10, 30분 처리시 2.41%로 추출 수율을 나타내어 일반 열수추출공정(1.73%)과 비교하여 약 1.2~1.4배의 추출수율을 나타내었다. 초고압 공정에 따른 변화 비교에서는 초고압 공정을 병행하였을 시 총 페놀과 플라보노이드 함량이 초고압 공정을 거치지 않은 것보다 다소 증가되는 것으로 보아 활성성분의 용출이 증진된 것으로 보인다. DPPH radical 소거 활성은 30분 초고압 처리한 추출물이 1.0 mg/mL에서 76.21%로 높은 활성을 나타내었으며, 환원력 역시 전체적으로 초고압 공정을 실시하였을 때의 활성이 높게 측정되었다. 초고압 추출이 꼬마칼라감자 내부 조직까지 영향을 주어 세포벽이 깨어지면서 조직 및 구조가 변화한 것으로 판단되며, 이를 통해 수율 및 활성 성분의 용출 증가가 이루어 진 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 꼬마칼라감자의 초고압 추출공정의 최적화를 통한 활성물질의 추출 극대화를 통해 높은 경제적 가치를 이룰 것으로 판단된다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2016

Purpose - The parcel delivery service(courier) industry all over the world has been expanding its market so far, but its growth has been declining in recent years. In this situation, most parcel delivery companies are having trouble with managing themselves because of the pressure from the customer to increase service level and decrease the rate. The purpose of this study is to provide ways to improve competitive advantages of the parcel delivery service industry by evaluating the multi-period operating efficiency of Korea, Japan and global service providers. Research design, data, and methodology - The data for the period of 2011 to 2014 were collected from the annual reports published by parcel delivery companies. In this study, we analyze the marketability (revenue), profitability (operating profits), and management conditions (net profits) of parcel service companies by combining information on human resources (number of employees) and material resources (total assets and equity). Therefore, the number of employees, total assets, and equity are selected as input variables, and revenue, operating profits, and net profits as the output variables. In this study, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) is used to measure the comparative efficiency and MPI (Malmquist Productivity Index) is used to analyze the trend of change of the efficiency for a multi-year period. Results - The operational efficiency scores of medium-sized parcel delivery companies in Korea are higher than other larger competitors such as Korean, Japan and Global larger companies. As of 2014, Logen(1.878) was found to be the most efficient parcel delivery enterprise, followed by KGB (1.224), and Kyoungdong(1.002). Otherwise, Hanjin(0.235), CJ(0.262), Hyundai Logistics(0.657), DHL(0.611), UPS(0.766), FedEx(0.498), TNT(0.350), Yamato(0.762) and Sagawa(0.520), larger sized companies, were done inefficiently. The productivity of parcel delivery companies is influenced by endogenous factors as well as exogenous ones such as changes in business environment and technological advances. Conclusions - Korean medium-sized companies have relatively high efficiency scores in operation. That is why they still survive the competitive market in Korea where market restructuring on the industry has been expected to be conducted for many years. The reason why medium-sized couriers had higher efficient scores than larger couriers is that most of couriers spend more operating expenses versus unit price of delivery which is the amount of money that is needed in order to send a package by parcel service. So the delivery unit price must be taken into account by all the expenses associated with the cost of fuel, labor and maintenance expenses for facilities, etc. therefore, the unit price must be increased to strengthen business competitive power. In order for the industry to have more competitive advantage, the companies need to make profits by increasing demand volume and raising the delivery rate to provide high-quality delivery service to customers. And both endogenous and exogenous change must take precedence in order to strengthen their competitiveness.