• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1101-1105
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• 2000

A simultaneous determination method of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o,m.p-xylene) and TPH (kerosene, diesel, jet fuel and bunker C) in soil with gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was described. The effects of extracti on method, extraction solvent, solvent volume and extraction time on the extraction performance were studied. A sonication method was simpler and more efficient than Soxhlet or shaking methods. Sonication with 10 mL of acetone/methylene chloride (1 : 1, v/v) for 10 min was found to be optimal extraction conditions for 20 g of soil. Peak shapes and quantification of BTEX and TPH were excellent, with linear calibration curves over a wide range of 1-500 mg/L for BTEX and 10-5000 mg/L for TPH. Good reproducibilities by sonication were obtained, with the RSD values below 10%. By using about 20 g of soil, detection limits were 0.8 mg/L for BTEX and 10 mg/L for TPH. The advantages of this procedure are the use of simple and common equipment, reduced volumes of organic solvents, rapid extraction periods of less than 20 min, and simultaneous analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.885-893
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• 2014

This research reports the enhanced Electrokinetic (EK) with $H_2O_2$ and sodium dodecyl surfate (SDS), which are commonly used in Fenton oxidation and soil flushing method, in order to remediate soil contaminated with heavy metals and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) simultaneously. In addition, influences of property of soil and concentration of chemical solution were investigated through experiments of different types of soils and varying concentration of chemical reagents. The results indicated, in the experiments using artificially contaminated soil, the highest removal efficiency of heavy metals using 10% $H_2O_2$ and 20mM SDS as electrolytes. However, in the experiments using Yong-San soils (study area), remediation efficiency of heavy metals was decreased because high acid buffering capacity. Through experiment of 20% $H_2O_2$ and 40mM SDS, increased electric current influences the remediation of heavy metals due to decrease in the soil pH. In the experiments of Yong-San soils, the remediation efficiency of TPH was decreased compared with artificially spiked soils because high acid buffering capacity and organic carbon contents. Furthermore, the scavenger effect of SDS influenced TPH oxidation efficiency under the conditions of injected 40mM SDS in the soils. Therefore, the property of soil and concentration of chemical reagents cause the electroosmotic flow, soil pH, remediation efficiency of heavy metals and TPH.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.152-157
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• 2003

Diesel-contaminated soils were ozonated for different times (0 - 900 min) and incubated for 9 wk to monitor petroleum hydrocarbons (PH)-degradative potential of indigenous microorganisms in the soils. Increased ozonation time decreased not only concentration of PH but also number of microorganisms in the soils. Microorganisms in the ozonated soils increased during 9-wk incubation as monitored by culture- and nonculture-based methods. Higher (1-2 orders of magnitude) cell number was observed by quantitative analysis of soil DNA using probes detecting genes encoding 165 rRNA(rrn), naphthalene dioxygenase (nahA), toluene dioxygenase (todC), and alkane hydroxylase (alkB) than microbial abundance estimated by culture-based methods. Such PH-degraders were relatively a few or under detection limit in 900-min ozonated soil. Further PH-removal observed during the incubation period supported the presence of PH-degraders in ozonated soils. Highest reduction (25.4%) of total PH (TPH) was observed in 180-min ozonated soil white negligible reduction was shown in 900-min ozonated soil during the period, resulting in lowest TPH-concentration in 180-min ozonated soil among the ozonated soils. Microbial community composition in 9-wk incubated soils revealed slight difference between 900-min ozonated and unozonated soils as analyzed by whole cell hybridization using group-specific rRNA-targeted oligonucleotides. Results of this study suggest that appropriate ozonation and subsequent biodegradation by indigenous microorganisms may be a cost-effective and successful remediation strategy for PH-contaminated soils.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.41-48
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• 2011

In this study, the soil remediation by landfarming was carried out using microbial activators. Feasibility studies and reduction capacity of TPH(Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) were investigated in order to find out how fast and eco-friendly the contaminated soil can be recovered. The lab-test confirmed not only the performance and degradation efficiency of microbial activators but also the effect of TPH reduction in the contaminated soil. The optimum growth conditions for indigenous microorganisms were identified using microbial activators. Based on the results of TPH removal, although there had been a little of difference in between natural decomposition and microbial activators until 20 days, the sample groups of microbial activators were higher than the control ones after 20 days. Microbial activators were applied to the field experiments on landfarming. Based on the results of removal rate in each floor of soil, it was found that the removal rates were 85.8 % in the upper, 84.4 % in the middle, and 66.10 % in the bottom. Considering that the reduction rate of TPH for the control group averaged 71.1%, the microbial activators might not be fully transferred into the bottom, which resulted from the piles of soil. As the piles have already reached 1 m in the field experiments, the low piles of soil under 0.6 m may enhance the treatment efficiency of TPH.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.177-181
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• 2000

A lab-scale slurry reactor was developed for the treatment of contaminated sediments with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, phenanthrene). In this system, range from 85 to 95% of PAHs with 2~3 rings were degraded within 11 days. Higher naphthalene degradation(94.05%) over phenanthrene degradation(87.07%) was probably due its higher solubility. Both compounds were not detected in aqueous phase after 7days and only 26.8% of naphthalene and 49.1% of phenanthrene were biodegraded. Removal TPH(Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) concentration in solid after 11 days of treatment was 46%.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.647-651
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• 2014

Handling of the large quantity of oil, generation of heavy metals at the military blasting range and outworn facilities could cause the environmental accidents. Pollution levels of the former five U.S military bases located in Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi-do were measured. Soil contamination by TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons), BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene), and heavy metals and groundwater contamination were detected. In order to purify contaminated soil, a variety of technologies including soil vapor extraction, slurping, landfarming and soil washing were applied. Contaminated soils of five target bases were purified and the results were suitable for the legal standards.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.35-39
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• 2008

The most common soil contaminants are petroleum-based. Hydrocarbons from diesel fuel and gasoline are widespread problems, as are total petroleum hydrocarbon(TPH). There are two distinct classes of soil remediation: in-situ, or on-site, and ex-situ, or off- site. On-site cleanups are often preferred because they are cheaper. On the other hand, excavating a contaminated area and transporting it to a remote site before cleaning it can often be more complete. Ex-situ remediation also has the added bonus of taking the bulk of contaminants off-site before they can spread further. In addition, in-situ situations are limited because only the topside of the soil is accessible.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.33-40
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• 2017

In typical remediation practices, separate washing systems have to be applied to clean up the soils contaminated with both oil and heavy metals. In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of successive two-stage soil washing in removal of mixed-contaminants from soil matrix. Two-stage soil washing experiments were conducted using different combinations of chemical agent: 1) persulfate oxidation, followed by organic acid washing, and 2) Fenton oxidation, followed by inorganic acid washing. Persulfate oxidation-organic acid washing efficiently removed both organic and inorganic contaminants to meet the regulatory soil quality standard. The average removal rates of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), Cu, Pb, and Zn were 88.9%, 82.2%, 77.5%, and 66.3% respectively, (S/L 1:10, reaction time 1 h, persulfate 0.5 M, persulfate:activator 3:1, citric acid 2 M). Fenton oxidation-inorganic acid washing also gave satisfactory performances to give 89%, 80.9%, 87.1%, and 67.7% removal of TPH, Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively (S/L 1:10, reaction time 1 hr, hydrogen peroxide 0.3 M, hydrogen peroxide:activator 5:1, inorganic acid 1 M).

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.529-540
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• 2012

Objective: This research was performed to evaluate the state of oil pollution in an area surrounding a railway station that has over 100 years of business history as a railway station in S City, Korea. The amount of polluted soil was estimated, and the target area for remediation was assessed in this study to restore the oil-polluted area. Methods: To accomplish this aim, five observation wells were installed for the sampling of groundwater, and soil was sampled at 33 points. Electric resistance studies and a trench investigation were undertaken to understand the geological conditions of the site, and the groundwater movement in this area was simulated by MODFLOW. Physiochemical analyses were conducted to determine the quality of the groundwater and the current state of oil pollution influenced by that of the soil. Results: The mean level of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in this area was 1,059 mg/kg, and the area for remediation was determined to be 7,610 mg/kg. Levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) were determined to be under the legal standard. Conclusion: In terms of depth, the biggest area polluted by TPH found was between 0 and 1 m from ground level, and the affected area was 5,900 $m^3$. TPHs were not detected in groundwater. Diesel and lubricating oil were the main causes of TPH pollution at this railway station.

• International Journal of Railway
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 2011

In this study, the feasibility of using bioremediation to treat lubricant-contaminated soil around railroad turnouts was investigated. Lubricants used during the maintenance of railroad turnouts can drip onto the ground causing soil contamination. In the laboratory experiments, the residual TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) concentration in soil gradually decreased after microorganisms degrading the lubricants were added. Generally, the soil around railroad turnouts is covered by a layer of ballasts. In the column experiments that were designed considering field sites, the removal efficiency of TPH was about 11% after 60 days of cultivation time. In the field experiments, microorganisms were added into the soil periodically, and finally the residual TPH concentrations were reduced to less than 1,700 mg/kg-soil on average. These results indicate that the lubricant in the contaminated soil around railroad turnouts could be efficiently removed through bioremediation method.