• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.373-389
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate exposure level and risk of heavy metals in livestock foodstuffs and Korean foods. Based on the "Food Intake Data," a part of the 2005 National Health & Nutrition Survey and the "2005 Seasonal Nutrition Survey", 113 Korean foods items were selected. 3 samples from different manufacturers of each 113 items of Korean foods were purchased on summer and fall, so total 678 samples were used. The food groups were classified into 15 categories. For the livestock foodstuffs category, meats and poultry (chicken, pork, pork belly, beef, beef feet soup), milks and dairy products (milk, ice cream, liquid yoghourt, sherbet), eggs (egg) were selected. It was found that the daily amount of heavy metals intake (mg/person/day) from livestock foodstuffs is 0.00020 arsenic, 0.00000 cadmium, 0.00020 lead, and 0.00006 mercury, and the daily amount of heavy metals intake (mg/person/day) from Korean foods is 0.0265 arsenic, 0.0083 cadmium, 0.0067 lead, and 0.0028 mercury. Daily amount of heavy metals intake from livestock foodstuffs was low among the food groups. For risk assessment, PDI (Probable Daily Intake) was calculated and compared with PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake) of JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additive). Relative hazard of these livestock foodstuffs was 0.006% in arsenic, 0.000% in cadmium, 0.085% in lead, and 0.149% in mercury. Relative hazard of Korean foods was 0.941% in arsenic, 14.676% in cadmium, 3.319% in lead, and 6.860% in mercury. Thus, livestock foodstuffs and Korean foods were as safe as satisfied with the recommended standards of JECFA.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.74-80
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• 2018

Mercury (Hg) poses a threat to marine ecosystem due to continuous inflow from various industries and bioaccumulation to higher trophic level via food web. Mercury can adversely affect growth, development, reproduction and metabolism to aquatic organisms. In the present study, acute toxicity and oxidative stress markers (total glutathione content, and activities of GST, GR and GPx) were investigated in brackish water flea Disphanosoma celebensis exposed to HgCl₂ for 24 h. As results, Hg showed negative effect in survival of D. celebensis. 24 h-LC₅₀ value was determined as 0.589 mg/l (95% C.I. 0.521~0.655 mg/l). After exposure to Hg (0.08 and 0.4 mg/l) for 24 h, total glutathione content was significantly decreased, whereas GST, GPx and GR activities were enhanced. These findings indicate that Hg induced oxidative stress in D. celebensis, and oxidative stress markers may be involved in cellular defense against Hg - mediated toxicity. This study provides a better understanding of molecular mode of action of Hg toxicity in this specie and potent of molecular markers for heavy metal monitoring in marine ecosystem.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.382-391
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• 2009

Atmospheric speciated mercury concentrations including total gaseous mercury (TGM) and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) were measured in Chuncheon from March 2006 to November 2008. Average concentrations were 2.10 ${\pm}$ 1.50 ng/$m^3$ and 3.00 ${\pm}$ 3.14 pg/$m^3$ for TGM and RGM, respectively. RGM concentrations were higher during daytime than nighttime probably because of high photochemical activities. We found that RGM concentration considerably increased as ozone increased when fog occurred, indicating that ozone was the important oxidant for $Hg^0$ in aqueous phase. TGM concentration showed positive correlations with CO and $PM_{10}$ which can transport in long-range, but there was no correlation with $NO_2$. Considering that major source of mercury is combustion process, this result showed that local sources did not significantly impact on TGM concentration in Chuncheon. Five-day backward trajectories were calculated for the samples representing high and low concentrations of TGM, and determined that industrialized area of China including Shenyang and Beijing influenced TGM concentrations in Chuncheon.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.753-758
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• 2007

To assess the safety of solar salts of Jeollanamdo province where most of Korean solar salts are produced, 433 samples of solar salts in total were collected and analyzed for their contents of sodium chloride and heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury). Sodium chloride contents ranged from 80 to 85% in 63% of solar salts analyzed. Lead was not detected in 77% of solar salt samples and showed a value of below the maximum permissible limit (2 ppm) in other samples. Cadmium was not detected in most samples (78%), and the other samples where cadmium was detected showed a value far below the maximum permissible limit (0.5 ppm) except for three ones. Arsenic was detected in only four samples, but their concentrations were far below the permissible limit (0.1 ppm). Mercury was not detected in all samples. There were some differences between producing areas in the levels of sodium chloride and lead of solar salts, but the contents of cadmium, arsenic and mercury did not show significant regional differences. These results clearly indicate that solar salts produced from Jeollanamdo province are safe in the aspects of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury contents.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.24 no.1 s.61
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• pp.38-45
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• 2006

Ecological characteristics of microbial populations inhabiting heavy metal polluted soil were investigated. The samples were collected from 293 sites around an factory and industry at Gyeoungsangbuk-do. We measured the contents of seven heavy metal elements (Cd, Cu, As, Hg, Pb, $Cr^{6+}$, CN), seven sites have been seriously contaminated by mercury and chrome. A quantitative evaluation of microbial populations in mercury and chrome contaminated soil was examined by using plate count method. Bacterial numbers in polluted soil samples ranged from $7.4X10^5\;to\;9.3X10^7\;cfu\;g^{-1}$, about $10\sim100$ fold less than the count for the unpolluted soil. Moulds were not detected in chrome polluted soil. The log values of actinomycetes of each contaminated soil samples were log ranged from 6.18 to 7.52. The ratio of actinomycetes was similar to unpolluted soil. The investigation showed actinomycetes to be the major microbial population inhabiting the mercury and chrome polluted soil. Thirty-one isolates among the total isolates were examined for antibacterial activity. These isolates were identified based on a phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequences, they were categorized in three major phylogenetic groups, belong to the Streptomyces (6 strains), Saccharopolyspora (3 strains), Nocardiodes (1 strain). On the phylogenetic tree, the clade consisting of five isolates were distantly related to all of the established Streptomycetes genera, indicating the possibility as members of new species.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ecosystem of Yeongsan Lake using physical, chemical, and biological indicators. We evaluated the integrative ecosystem health using Lentie Ecosystem Health Assessment (LEHA) model, Qualitative Health Evaluation Index (QHEI) model, and chemical water quality. The models of LEHA and QHEI were modified as 10 and 7 metries attributes, respectively. Also, we analyzed bioaccumulation of total mercury on various fish tissues by method of U.S. EPA 7473 using Direct Mercury Analyzer (Model DMA-80). Model values of LEHA model averaged 19 (range: $14{\sim}26$, n=15), which indicated a "poor" condition, and had slightly spatial variations. Values of the QHEI in the all sites averaged 72, which were judged as a "fair" to "good" condition. The QHEI values varied from 48 (fair condition) to 99 (good condition) and showed large longitudinal gradients between the upper and lower reach. Conductivity and salinity were increased from the up-lake to downlake reach. Analysis of total mercury in fish tissues showed that levels of total Hg ranged between 0.002 and $0.087\;mg\;L^{-1}$ depending on the types of tissues. Overall, the ecosystem health in the Yeongsan Lake was judged as a "poor" and the effects of bioaccumulation on the fish tissues were minor. Therefore, it is necessary to keep an efficient management for the lake environment to maintain their ecological health.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.125-132
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• 2003

The levels of heavy metals (total-mercury, cadmium, lead and chromium) in shellfishes, such as oyster (Carassostrea gigas), blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), arkshll (Scapharca broughtonii) and little neck clam (Ruditapes philippinarum), were determined. The samples were collected from 11 stations for oyster and 12 stations for blue mussel in the South Coast of Korea, and little neck clam and arkshell were collected from Koheung and the Kangjin Bay, respectively, during 1999 to 2000. The average concentrations of heavy metal in 4 different species of shellfishes analyzed were ranged from 0.007 to 0.009 ${\mu}g/g$ for total-mercury; 0.232 to 0.559 ${\mu}g/g$ for cadmium; 0.107 to 0.220 ${\mu}g/g$ for lead; and 0.116 to 0.364 ${\mu}g/g$ for chromium on wet basis. The highest level of total-mercury, lead, cadmium, and chromium in the samples analyzed were all below the quarantine limit of the Korean regulation and guideline established by the U.S.Food and Drug Administration for human consumption. The levels of heavy metals in the samples were negligible, which could be endogenous. It was elucidated that oyster was able to accumulate 2-times more cadmium than blu mussel in this study.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.30-34
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• 1999

Photolysis behavoirs of pesticides(Chlorothalonil and Endosulfan) over UV irradiation UV irradiation with pH 3.0 and irradiation with 3.5% salt were studied. The analyses of pesticides were carried out using gas chromatograph with an electron-capture detector, total organic carbon, and Ion chromatograph, respectively. The reactions were conducted in a alumium annular reactor equipped with a low pressure mercury multilamp ($8W{\times}6$) and initial concentration was 10 ppm. Chlorothalonil was almost photodegraded by UV irradiation, UV irradiation with pH 3.0 and 3.5% salt within 30 min of reaction time. Endosulfan-${\alpha}$,${\beta}$(100%) were photodegraded to 38% of Endosulfan-${\alpha}$ and 25% of Endisulfan-${\beta}$ by UV irradiation. Endosulfan-${\alpha}$(83%) was photodegraded to 66% by UV irradiation, 70% by UV irradiation and pH 3.0 and 75% by UV irradiation and 3.5% salt. Endosulfan-${\beta}$(16%) was photodegraded to 80% by UV irradiation, 98% by UV irradiation and pH 3.0 and 90% by UV irradiation and 3.5% salt.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.484-488
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• 1993

The heavy metal contents in Carassius auratus, that were sampled from Nov.1 to Nov. 31, 1991 at 6 areas in Joenlabuk-do. The mercury contents was determined by mercury analyzer using the combustion Goldamal-gamation method. The arsenic contents were determined by spectrophotometry using silver diethyl ditiho carbamate method. The contents of other heavy metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometer method. The levels of total mercury, arsenic, cadmium, lead, cupper, manganes, and zinc were determined and the results were summarized as follows : The 6 areas over all range(ppm) were Hg : 0.0167~0.0407, As : N.D.~0.0018, Cd : 0.1256~0.1935, Pb : 0.3536~0.6593, Cu : 0.2094~0.3792, Mn : 2.9059~6.9335, Zn : 14.3095~48.1615ppm. Among the seven heavy metals contents, the higest was zinc and the lowest was arsenic. The results show that contents of Hg As, Cd, Pb, Mn and Zn in Carassius auratus were lower than the FAO/WHO maximum allowance.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.85-89
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• 1975

Heavy metal content have been determined in baby clams from March 1973 to April 1974 in Depori, Samchunpo, Korea. Monthly changes of mercury, lead, copper ana cadmium in the samples were irregular but as a whole, the content of mercury, lead, copper and cadmium were relatively high in summer season. The content of total mercury, lead, copper and cadmium in the samples ranged from 0.003 to 0.038 ppm, 0.096 to 0.931 ppm, 0.023 to 0.139 ppm and 0.009 to 0.038 ppm respectively. In the consideration of heavy metal content, it was concluded that baby clams in Depori, Samc hunpo, Korea is suitable for processing materials.