• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.1736-1741
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of forage: concentrate ratio (F:C) on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites of housing-feeding yaks. Thirty-two Maiwa male yaks (initial body weight = $207.99{\pm}3.31kg$) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (8 yaks per treatment). Experimental diets were: A, B, C, D which contained 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 and 40:60 F:C ratios, respectively. Dry matter intake and average daily gain in yaks fed the C and D diets were greater (p<0.05) than yaks fed the A and B diets. No differences were found in ruminal $NH_3-N$, total volatile fatty acids, acetate, butyrate, valerate, and isovalerate concentrations. The propionate concentration was increased (p<0.05) in the C and D groups compared with the A and B diets. In contrast, the acetate to propionate ratio was decreased and was lowest (p<0.05) in the C group relative to the A and B diets, but was similar with the D group. For blood metabolites, no differences were found in serum concentrations of urea-N, albumin, triglyceride, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase (p>0.05) among treatments. Treatment C had a higher concentration of total protein and high density lipoprotein (p<0.05) than A and B groups. In addition, there was a trend that the globulin concentration of A group was lower than other treatments (p = 0.079). Results from this study suggest that increasing the level of concentrate from 30% to 50% exerted a positive effect on growth performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in yaks.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.200-206
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• 1996

답전전환지 잎담배 수확엽의 적정숙도 판단기준 확립을 위한 기본자료로 이용하기 위하여 수확기를 달리하였을 때의 성숙정도별 엽중 이화학성 변화와 밭담배와의 성분함량 차이를 조사 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 엽장과 엽폭의 수축률은 착엽위치에 관계없이 과숙>미숙>적숙>완숙엽 순으로 높았고 논담배 완숙엽은 밭 완숙엽에 비하여 수축률이 상대적으로 높았다. 2. 엽중 내용성분에서 니코틴과 전실소는 성숙이 진전될수록 낮았으나 환원당 함량은 반대로 나타났고 동일숙도의 논, 밭담배 간에는 밭담배가 높았다. 3. 건조엽의 부풀성은 성숙이 진전될수록 낮았고, 논, 밭담배 간에는 차이가 없었으며, 부스러짐성은 미숙>과숙>적숙>완숙엽 순으로 높아 조기 및 만기수확으로 부스러짐성은 증가하였다. 4. 궐련의 화학성분에서 끽연시의 유해인자로 작용하는 CO, TPM, tar성분등이 논담배가 밭담배에 비하여 다소 높았고 연소성도 상대적으로 불량하였다. 5. 비택발성 유기산 함량에서 oxalic, succinic acid 함량은 성숙이 진전될수록 낮아지고, malonic acid는 높아지나 malic, citric acid는 일정한 경향이 없었으며, 논담배는 밭담배에 비해 oxalic, malonic acid 함량에서 다소 낮았다. 6. 지방산 함량은 성숙정도간 차이는 적었고, 성분간에는 linolenic>palmitic>oleic>lnoleic>stearic acid 함량순이었으며, 논, 밭담배 간에도 거의 대등한 함량을 보여 토양조건이나 성숙정도간 반응차는 적었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.880-886
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• 2007

Ensiled or oven-dried green tea by-products (GTB) were evaluated in goats for their nutritive potential as protein feedstuffs based on in vitro and in vivo digestibility. To elucidate the effects of tea tannin on in vitro digestibility, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as a tannin binding agent. Both ensiled and dried GTB contained 31.9 to 32.6% of crude protein (CP) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Phenolics and tannins in soybean meal and alfalfa hay were low or not detected, but they were high in both ensiled and dried GTB (7.3-10.1% DM as total extractable tannins). In vitro protein digestibility in the rumen ranked: soybean meal>alfalfa hay cube>ensiled GTB = dried GTB. The protein digestibility post-ruminally of these feedstuffs showed a similar trend to that in the rumen, but the digestibility of ensiled GTB was significantly higher than that of dried GTB. Addition of PEG improved the in vitro protein digestibility of both kinds of GTB in the rumen and post-ruminally, indicating that tannins suppressed the potential protein digestibility of GTB. The increased protein digestibility by PEG addition was not significantly different between ensiled and dried GTB in the rumen, but the percentage increment of ensiled GTB was higher than dried GTB post-ruminally. In the in vivo digestibility trial, ensiled and dried GTB were offered to goats as partial substitutes for soybean meal and alfalfa hay cubes. Offering both GTB to goats as 5-10% on a DM basis did not affect nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids, and ammonia concentration. However, the eating time of the GTB-incorporated diet was longer than that of the basal diet. It took 1.4 and 1.6 times longer than the control diet, to eat the diet completely when GTB silage was offered at 5 and 10% levels, respectively, of the total diet. These results show that ensiled and dried GTB are useful as partial substitutes for soybean meal and alfalfa hay cubes for goats with respect to nutritive value. Because of lessened palatability, it is recommended that GTB be incorporated into the diet at 5% on a DM basis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.230-235
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• 2020

Objective: This study was realized to evaluate the nutritional value of rice grains as a replacement for corn grains in the diet of growing Hanwoo steers. Methods: Two experimental diets were prepared: i) Corn total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of 20% corn grains and ii) Rice TMR consisting of 20% rice grains, in a dry matter (DM) basis. These treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation and in vivo growth trials. In the rumen fermentation experiment, the in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD), in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility, pH, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were estimated at 48 h, and the gas production was measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Twenty four growing Hanwoo steers (9 months old; body weight [BW]: 259±13 kg) were randomly divided into two treatment groups and the BW, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured. Results: The in vitro experiment showed that the IVDMD, IVCPD, and VFA production of the Rice TMR were higher than those of the Corn TMR (p<0.05). The growth trial showed no differences (p>0.05) in the final BW, ADG, DMI, and FCR between the two TMRs. Conclusion: The use of rice grains instead of corn grains did not exhibit any negative effects on the rumen fermentation or growth performance, thereby rice grains with a DM of less than 20% could be used as a starch source in the diet of growing steers.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.137-141
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• 2007

본 연구는 Saccharomyces exguus의 첨가 급여가 육계 생산성 및 분내 유해가스 발생에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 1일령 육계 수평아리(Ross strain) 270수를 공시하여 3처리 3반복 반복당 30수씩 완전 임의배치하였다. 처리구는 대조구인 항생제 첨가구 및 효모 0.5와 1.0% 처리구를 두었다. 본 실험에서 5주 종료 체중 및 증체율이 효모의 첨가 수준에 따라 유의하게 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 사료 요구율은 효모 첨가시 개선되는 경향이 보였으나, 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 맹장 내 E. coli, Salmonella, Lactobacillus 수는 대조구인 항생제 첨가구와 비교하여 차이가 없었다. 암모니아 가스의 발생량은 대조구에 비해 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 계분 내 저급 지방산 및 휘발성 유기 화합물은 변화가 없었다. 본 연구 결과 육계에 Saccharomyces exguus급여는 생산성을 향상시키고 계분 내 암모니아 가스 발생량을 감소시켜 항생제 대체 및 환경 개선제로 이용 가능함을 시사하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.529-536
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of levels of cottonseed meal with various carbohydrate sources in concentrate on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in dairy bulls. Four, 6 months old dairy bulls were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Factor A was carbohydrate source; cassava chip (CC) and cassava chip+rice bran in the ratio of 3:1 (CR3:1), and factor B was cotton seed meal levels in the concentrate; 109 g CP/kg (LCM) and 328 g CP/kg (HCM) at similar overall CP levels (490 g CP/kg). Bulls received urea-lime treated rice straw ad libitum and were supplemented with 10 g of concentrate/kg BW. It was found that carbohydrate source and level of cotton seed meal did not have significant effects on ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration, microbial protein synthesis or feed intake. Animals which received CC showed significantly higher BUN concentration, ruminal propionic acid and butyric acid proportions, while dry matter, organic matter digestibility, populations of total viable bacteria and proteolytic bacteria were lower than those in the CR3:1 treatment. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids was higher in HCM than LCM treatments, while the concentration of butyric acid was higher in LCM than HCM treatments. The population of proteolytic bacteria with the LCM treatments was higher than the HCM treatments; however other bacteria groups were similar among the different levels of cotton seed meal. Bulls which received LCM had higher protein digestibility than those receiving HCM. Therefore, using high levels of cassava chip and cotton seed meal might positively impact on energy and nitrogen balance for the microbial population in the rumen of the young dairy bull.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.392-399
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• 2017

Objective: The objectives were to assess the effects of purified lignin from wheat straw (sodium hydroxide dehydrated lignin; SHDL) on in vitro ruminal fermentation and on the growth performance of feedlot cattle. Methods: In vitro experiments were conducted by incubating a timothy-alfalfa (50:50) forage mixture (48 h) and barley grain (24 h) with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL of rumen fluid (equivalent to 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 g SHDL/kg diet). Productions of $CH_4$ and total gas, volatile fatty acids, ammonia, dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD) and digestion of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or starch were measured. Sixty Hereford-Angus cross weaned steer calves were individually fed a typical barley silage-barley grain based total mixed ration and supplemented with SHDL at 0, 4, 8, and 16 g/kg DM for 70 (growing), 28 (transition), and 121 d (finishing) period. Cattle were slaughtered at the end of the experiment and carcass traits were assessed. Results: With forage, SHDL linearly (p<0.001) reduced 48-h in vitro DMD from 54.9% to 39.2%, NDF disappearance from 34.1% to 18.6% and the acetate: propionate ratio from 2.56 to 2.41, but linearly (p<0.001) increased $CH_4$ production from 9.5 to 12.4 mL/100 mg DMD. With barley grain, SHDL linearly increased (p<0.001) 24-h DMD from74.6% to 84.5%, but linearly (p<0.001) reduced $CH_4$ production from 5.6 to 4.2 mL/100 mg DMD and $NH_3$ accumulation from 9.15 to $4.49{\mu}mol/mL$. Supplementation of SHDL did not affect growth, but tended (p = 0.10) to linearly reduce feed intake, and quadratically increased (p = 0.059) feed efficiency during the finishing period. Addition of SHDL also tended (p = 0.098) to linearly increase the saleable meat yield of the carcass from 52.5% to 55.7%. Conclusion: Purified lignin used as feed additive has potential to improve feed efficiency for finishing feedlot cattle and carcass quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1722-1727
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• 2006

The nutritive value of 4 straws, obtained after thrashing of seeds from fodder crops, was assessed as complete feed for ruminants. Sixteen male Murrah buffaloes (liveweight 365.8${\pm}$19.5 kg), were divided into 4 equal groups and offered ad lib. straw of either Trifolium resupinatum, Trifolium alexandrium, Medicago sativa or Lolium perenne, supplemented with minerals and vitamin A, for 40 days in a completely randomized design. Simultaneously, each straw was offered to 3 rumen fistulated male buffaloes in order to assess the biochemical changes in the rumen. Compared to other straws M. sativa straw had higher (p<0.05) organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), acid-detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose content. L .perenne had the highest (p<0.05) hemicellulose and lowest (p<0.05) CP and acid-detergent lignin (ADL) content. T. resupinatum had the lowest concentration of cell wall constituents (CWC). The digestibility of nutrients of T. resupinatum and L. perenne straw was similar, but higher (p<0.05) than that of other straws. M.sativa straw showed highest (p<0.05) digestibility of CP. The highest OM digestibility of T. resupinatum and CP digestibility of M. sativa were responsible for highest (p<0.05) total volatile fatty acids and trichloroacetic acid precipitable nitrogen in the strained rumen liquor. The digestible crude protein (DCP) was highest (p<0.05) in M. sativa followed by that in T. alexandrium. The total purine derivatives excreted in urine varied from 0.22-0.32 mmol/kg $W^{.75}/d$. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis indicated that OM of straws of M. sativa and that of T. alexandrium was used more (p<0.05) efficiently. The microbial protein synthesized was highest in T. resupinatum, but statistically similar to other groups. The values for N-retention and apparent biological value were highest for L. perenne, though comparable with that of M. sativa and T. alexandrium. The available metabolizable energy (ME) was highest (p<0.05) in T. resupinatum followed by that in L. perenne and lowest in M. sativa. It was concluded that all the straws, supplemented with minerals and vitamin A, could be fed exclusively to adult ruminants with no adverse affect, as animals were able to maintain body weight (372${\pm}$20.1 kg).

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.185-192
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• 1995

함평군 손불면의 특산물인 엽삭젓을 염농도 18%와 22%로 각각 엽삭젓을 제조하여 발효가 진행되는 동안 발효와 관련된 미생물과 여러가지 화학성분의 변화를 측정한 결과 발효 초기에 지질과 단백질의 감소와 총균수의 증가가 있었고 총산도의 증가는 어느정도 pH와 반비례적인 경향을 보였고, 아미노태질소와 지질의 산가는 급증한 후 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 선도의 척도라 할 수 있는 휘발성염기질소는 뼈국물을 넣어줌으로서 그 증가가 억제됨을 보이지만 전체적으로 볼때 발효 기간중 꾸준히 증가하였으며 염도 22% 엽삭젓보다는 염도 18% 엽삭젓이 훨씬 높은 수치를 보였다. 지방산 조성은 palmitic acid($C_{16:0}$)가 20% 정도 함유되어 가장 많았고, palmitoleic acid($C_{16:1}$), eicosapentaenoic acid($C_{20:5}$), oleic acid($C_{18:1}$), myristic acid($C_{14:0}$)순으로 함유되어 이들이 전체 지방산의 77.3%를 차지하였으며 EPA와 DHA도 약 20%정도 함유되어 있었으며 발효 기간중 큰 변화가 없었으며 염도에 따른 차이도 없었다. 총 유리아미노산도 휘발성 염기질소와 마찬가지로 계속 증가하지만 뼈국물을 넣고 젓국물 달여 붓기를 하므로서 상당히 그 증가의 지연이 이루어짐을 알 수 있었으며 유리아미노산 조성은 원료육의 경우 aspartic acid, threonine, histidine이 주류를 이루었으나 숙성된 염도 18% 엽삭젓의 경우는 leucine, tyrosine, glutamic acid, valine, isoleucine이, 염도 22% 엽삭젓의 경우는 alanine, glutamic acid, leucine, methionine이 주류를 이루었다. 이상의 결과를 비교해 볼때 엽삭젓에는 고도불포화지방산 특히 EPA가 많이 함유되어 있으며 염도 18%와 22%의 엽삭젓의 염도간에 큰 차이는 없었으나 VBN등의 변화에 있어서 엽삭젓 제조의 염도로는 18%에 비하여 22%가 더 적합한 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.889-899
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• 2017

To investigate the quality characteristics of domestic $ros{\acute{e}}$ wines marketed in Korea, 11 kinds of wines were purchased at the Korea Wine Festival in 2016. The color, physiological activity, aroma component and sensory evaluations were conducted. The hue value of $ros{\acute{e}}$ wines ranged from 0.592 to 1.990, with the Ro7 of Delaware having the highest value. The brightness of $ros{\acute{e}}$ wines ranged from 42.96 to 94.99, the redness from 3.20 to 59.37, and the yellowness from 8.43 to 24.83. Of the 11 $ros{\acute{e}}$ wines evaluated, 1 was a dry wine and 10 were sweet wines. The average sugar content of the sweet wines was 73.89 mg/mL. Among the organic acid contents, malic acid ranged from 0.214 to 2.903 mg/mL, and lactic acid content ranged from 0 to 3.423 mg/mL. Malolactic fermentation differed, depending on the source. The total polyphenol content of $ros{\acute{e}}$ wines ranged from 50.55 to 99.55 mg%, the anthocyanin content was 2.12 to 213.30 mg/L, and the DPPH radical scavenging activity of $ros{\acute{e}}$ wines was between 73.75 to 90.41%. A total of 41 volatile components were detected, including 7 alcohols, 22 esters, 4 terpenes, 3 acids and 5 other compounds. Of these, 9 compounds had odor activity value(OAV) greater than 1; these were identified as 1-propanol (alcohol, pungent), 3-methyl-1-butanol (harsh, nail polish), ethyl butanoate (strawberry, lactic), isopentyl acetate (fresh, banana), ethyl hexanoate (green apple, fruity), ethyl octanoate (pineapple, pear, floral), ethyl decanoate (fruity, fatty, pleasant), linalool (flower, lavender) and limonene (lemone, orange). As a result of the sensory evaluation, the Ro5 wine made from Campbell Early grape, and having a good color, flavor and taste, was the most preferred.