• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.369-378
• /
• 2012

This study was performed out to investigate the influence of the mixed application of chemical fertilizer (CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) on the growth characteristics, dry matter yield, amino acids, minerals, and free sugars in cultivating silage corn on paddy soils. The field experiment was designed in a randomized block design of 3 repetitions with CF 100% treatment (C), CF 70% + LSM 30% treatment (T1), CF 50% + LSM 50% treatment (T2), CF 30% + LSM 70% treatment (T3), and LSM 100% treatment (T4). At this time, the application of LSM was based solely on the nitrogen. Ear length, ear circle, stem diameter, and stem hardness of the silage corn did not show significant differences between treatments. Fresh yield, dry matter yield and TDN yield were highest in T3, whereas the lowest in C treatment (p<0.05). Crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash content were significantly higher in T1, C, and T4 treatment, respectively (p<0.05). However, NDF, ADF and crude fiber content did not show significant difference between treatments. The total mineral content decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. Total composition amino acid content was higher in the order of T1 > T2 > C > T4 > T3 treatment (p<0.05). Free sugar content was higher in the order of T1 > T3 > T4 > T2 > C treatment (p<0.05). Based on the above results, suggests that the mixed application of chemical fertilizer 30~50% and LSM 50~70% (T2 and T3) is the most effective, considering the yield performance and the content of sugar degree and free sugar affecting silage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.286-293
• /
• 1993

This study was carried out to determine the effects of the fertilization levels and oversowing treatment on liveweight gain of glazing cattle, changs of botanical composition, and dry matter(DM) yield in tall fescue dominant mixed pasture during the grazing period. The treatments were T$_1$(low fertilizing; 120-100-100 kg/ha), T$_2$(medium fertilizing; 280-200-200 kg/ha) and T$_3$(medium fertilizing+oversowing). The botanical composition of tail festuce was increased in T$_1$ and that of tall fescue, orchardgrass and pernnial ryegrass in T$_3$ was 30.5%, 23.8% and 24.1%, respectively. The total forage DM yield was the highest in T$_3$, and the average stocking rate (animal unit; AU) per day during the grazing period in T$_1$, T$_2$ and T$_3$ was 2.4 AU. 3.0 Au and 3.3 AU, respectively. The total grazing days (animal unit day; AUD) in T$_3$(664 AUD) was higher than that of T$_1$, and T$_2$. There is no significant difference in average daily liveweight gain per head among the treatments but daily liveweight gain per ha in T$_3$ was higher than that of T$_1$, and T$_2$. The total liveweight gain per ha during the grazing period in T$_1$, T$_2$ and T$_3$ was 601kg. 762kg and 877kg, respectively. The herbage consumption per day per 100kg LW was similer among the treatments but crude protein, P, K and Ca contents in herbage were increased with medium fertilization levels(T$_2$) and with oversowing(T$_3$).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.385-390
• /
• 1997

Fifteen Ettawah-cross does were used to study maternal serum concentrations of total triiodothyronine ($T_3$), teraiodothyronine ($T_4$) and cortisol in different status of pregnancy (nonpregnant, aborted, single and twin-bearing does) during late pregnancy. Analysis of the data indicated that here was no significant changes in total $T_3$, $T_4$, and cortisol concentrations with the advance of pregnancy. Concentrations of $T_3$, $T_4$, and cortisol decreased by 38.9, 34.9, and 32.6%, and 12.0, 15.7 and 27.6%, and 41.6, 44.0, and 43.7% in the aborted, single and, twin-bearing, respectively, as compared to those nonpregnant does. These was no significant difference in concentrations of $T_3$ and cortisol between aborted, single and twin-bearing does, and in those of $T_4$ between aborted and single-bearing does. However, $T_4$ concentrations in twin-bearing were lower by 17.7 and 14.1% than those in aborted and single-bearing does, respectively. The decreased concentrations of thyroid hormones in pregnant does suggested that fetus could have increased iodine uptake from maternal circulation causing a decrease in the availability of this nutrient for synthesis of maternal thyroid hormones. The decreased concentrations of cortisol could have been associated with the increased metabolism of the hormone to regulate nutrients influx into the placenta of pregnant does.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.42-46
• /
• 2002

Effects of the water extract from Kalopanax pictus NAKAI on insulin-like action and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells were investigated. The bark of K. pictus NAKAI was treated with hot water and the extract was freeze-dried. Total extract of K. pictus NAKAI was fractionated into 6 fractions with increasing gradients from 0 to 100% MeOH on Amberlite XDA-4. Treatment of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts with 1 ${\mu}g/ml$ and 10 ${\mu}g/ml$ of K. pictus NAKAI total extracts significantly increased the differentiation of the cells. When co-treated with inducers such a dexamethasone, 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine and insulin, the differentiation was increased at 1 ${\mu}g/ml$ of total extract, but not at 10 ${\mu}g/ml$. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, glucose uptake was increased by 3.3 times with addition of 0.3 and 3 ${\mu}g/ml$ of Fr. 1 (0-10% MeOH) and Fr. 3 (30% MeOH) at 3 ng/ml insulin. In conclusion, K. pictus NAKAI contains such compounds that play a role of insulin-like action and insulin sensitizer.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.50-57
• /
• 1994

Densities of total and injured coliforms in treated water( TW ) and three tap water salt pies( Taps Kl, K2 and K3) of Ku- eui water treatment plant and one tap water sample( Tap T) of Tuk- do water treatment plant were measured 23 times from 1991 to 1992. Coliform regrowth in the water distribution system occurred three times during the study period. When the regrowth episode occurred, injured coliforms were always but total coliforms were not always detected in treated water. Mean densities of total coliforms in TW, and Taps Kl, K2, K3 and T were 0.8, 2.3, 1.9, 1.4 and 2.1 cfu/100mℓ by membrane filtration method using m- TF agar and those of injured coliforms were 3.4, 2.8, 2.5, 2.7 and 2.9 c1u/100mℓ using mondo- LES agar. The injury rates of TW and Taps Kl, K2, K3 and T were 89.5,77.4,67.9, 82.8 and 75.9%, respectively. The high injury rate of coliform bacteria in Seoul water supply can cause regrowth problems in distribution systems due to the repair of injured cells under an appropriate condition. It is recommended the injured coliforms should be measured in drinking water since they can lead to a significant underestimation of total coliforms and result in an inaccurate evaluation of the potential health risks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
• /
• 2001.10a
• /
• pp.509-512
• /
• 2001

In this study, pollutant load from paddy field was estimated by regression equation from 5 to 8 in 2001. During study period, total rainfall was 511.3mm and runoff discharge was 968.71mm. Regression equation between flow rate(m3/s) and pollutant loading rate(g/s) is exponential relationship. For site 1, coefficient of determination (R2) for $COD_{cr}$, T-P, T-N were 0.7068, 0.8441, 0.6806 respectively and site 2, 0.9369, 0.8855, 0.4262 respectively. Considering unit loads, Jun was the highest valus as 13.85 $COD_{c}kg/km2/day$, 0.24 T-Pkg/km2/day, 1.22 T-Nkg/km2/day. Until study period, total $COD_{cr}$ load estimated regression equation is 19.32kg/km2/day and, T-P, T-N were 0.264, 1.88 respectively

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.234-241
• /
• 2021

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of a different growing stage on the eating and ruminating behavior of Holstein steer (Bos taurus). A total of nine Holstein steers were divided into three growing stage groups (T1: growth stage, 8 months old, T2: Early fattening stage, 15 months old, T3: late fattening stage, 24 months old) with 3 replicates. In the feeding method, concentrate was offered at 1.62% of the body weight per treatment, respectively. And the forage was fed ad libitum for all treatment. The results of behaviors are summarized as follows: The rate of dry matter intake compared to body weight (DMI/BW, %) was high in the order of T1(2.21%) > T2(2.09%) > T3(1.39%). Eating time, ruminating time and resting time were significantly higher in T1, T2 and T3, respectively(p<0.05, 0.01). Chewing time was significantly lower in T3 than in T1 and T2(p<0.01). The number of bolus and the number of total chews were significantly higher in T2 than those of the other treatments(p<0.01). However ruminating time per bolus and the number of bolus per minute were not significantly different among the treatments. The numbers of drinking and defecating were not significantly different among the treatments. The number of urinating was significantly higher T1 than those of the other treatments(p<0.01). Time of drinking, defecating and urinating was not significantly difference among the treatments.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.507-512
• /
• 2018

Three natural Pinus thunbergii stands in southern Korea were studied to investigate stem density, biomass expansion factors, allometric equations and stand biomass. Stand ages of stand 1, 2 and 3 were 15, 29 and 45 years old, respectively. Three $10m{\times}10m$ plots were set up, five sample trees were cut and roots of three sample trees were excavated for dimension analysis in each stand. Stem density of stand 1, 2 and 3 were $0.450g/cm^3$, $0.440/cm^3$ and $0.457g/cm^3$, respectively, and there was no significant difference among the three stands. Biomass expansion factors of above-ground and total tree decreased with increasing stand age. Above-ground biomass expansion factor of stand 1 was significantly higher than those of stand 2 and 3, and total tree biomass expansion factor of stand 1 was significantly higher than that of stand 3. Allometric equations were developed for the 15 sample trees of the three stands based on D or $D^2H$. Above-ground biomass of stand 1, 2 and 3 were 50.72t/ha, 89.92t/ha, 194.07t/ha, respectively, and total tree biomass of stand 1, 2 and 3 were 61.62t/ha, 113.12t/ha, 248.36t/ha, respetively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.235-240
• /
• 1991

A CRD experiment with thirty growing cross bred calves were assigned at random to three treatments rations. 1) $T_0$, 0% Urea + 20% M. O. cake, 2) $T_1$, 1% Urea + 10% M. O. cake and 3) $T_2$, 2% Urea + 0% M. O. cake to develop a rice straw based ration for ruminants. Sweetish odour and yellowish colour were observed in good recovered silage. Organic matter varied from 87.45% to 89.63% whereas crude protein varied from 14.0% to 14.5% in each treatment. No significant differences were found among the nutrient composition of the ration. The dry matter in take (DMI) and dry matter digestibility was higher in $T_0$ (0% Urea) than those of ration containing 1% ($T_1$) and 2% Urea ($T_2$). The organic matter digestibility decreases with increasing doses of urea. The crude protein & nitrogen-free-extract digestibility were found higher in the ration $T_1$ containing 1% urea whereas crude fibre digestibility and available metabolizable energy (ME) were higher in $T_0$ containing no urea as compared to $T_1$ and $T_2$. Total digestible nutrient (TDN) decreases with the increase of urea level. The highest feed efficiency was found in $T_0$ having no urea and lowest was in $T_2$. The animals gained in weights from each ration. Highest gain in weight was found in $T_0$ ration, then followed $T_1$, and $T_2$. This is due to natural protein available in M. O. cake only. It is concluded that supplemetation of urea or M. O. cake with readily available energy source as molasses upto 20% of total dietary dry matter in a complete ration may increase the intake of low quality fibrous roughage only when nitrogen and mineral are not limiting factor.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.25-30
• /
• 2006

This experiment was conducted to compare the fresh yield and dry matter yield, and nutritive values of whole crop barley treated with Urea (200 kg/ha, T2) and ammonium sulfate fertilizer as 200 kg/ha (T3), 300 kg/ha (T4) and 400 kg/ha (T5) at the Bae-Ho reclaimed tideland. Korea from 2003 to 2005. Salt contents of soil in the ammonium sulfate plots (T3, T4, T5) were lower than those of T2. The fresh yields of ammonium sulfate plots (T3, T4, T5) were higher than those of T2 as 62% (p>0.05), 41% (p>0.05) and 23% (p<0.05), respectively. The dry matter yield of T3, T4 and T5 (ammonium sulfate) was significantly (p<0.05) higher at 5,080 kg/ha, 4,667 ka/ha, 4,040 kg/ha, respectively. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield tends to have a similar result. Crude protein (CP) content was highest in T3 and CP trends to decrease as the level of ammonium sulfate was increased. Total digestible nutrient (TDN) were high in T3 and T4. The sodium content of T3 and T4 were lower than T2. Based on the study, it was more desirable to use ammonium sulfate (200 kg N/ha) rather than Urea as fertilizer on reclaimed land in terms of forage production and nutritive value.