• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.258-264
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• 2015

To evaluate the influence of 3A zeolite on the flame retardant properties of poplar plywood. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and 3A zeolite were used as flame retardants to prepare plywood samples. The combustion properties, such as heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), mean CO and $CO_2$ yield, smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP), were characterized by a cone calorimeter. A synergistic effect was observed between 3A zeolite and APP on reducing the HRR and mean CO yield. The probable flame retardation mechanism was proposed.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2018

The combustion characteristics of cypress wood coated with boric acid (BA) and ammonium pentaborate (APB) were examined using a cone calorimeter according to the ISO 5660-1 standard. As a result, the combined specimens of boric acid and ammonium pentaborate (BA/APB) led to an improved fire performance index due to their synergistic effect. In addition, the total heat release values of the specimen coated with the boron compounds were 6.1~14.1% lower than that of the base specimen. The total smoke release rate (TSR) of the specimens coated with the boron compound decreased throughout the combustion process, except for BA/APB. The maximum concentration of carbon monoxide was reduced by 15.8~25.5%. In general, wood treated with flame retardants has a lower fire hazard.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.1342-1347
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• 2011

Advantages of the deeply underground subway are underground space efficiency, high speed, decrease of noise and vibration. However, when fire occurs in the deeply underground subway station, large casualties are occurred like Daegu subway station fire due to the increase of evacuation distance. In this study, a numerical analysis was performed by using the fire and evacuation analysis program FDS+EVAC for smoke movement and evacuation in Beotigogae station among the deeply underground subway station. Heat release rate of carriage fire was set 10MW and the fire growth rate was ultrafast. As a result, the smoke move to the exit at 1085 second. The total evacuation time took 956 second.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.691-698
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• 2002

In this study, reduced-scale experiments were conducted to analyze smoke movement in tunnel fires according to vepntilation method. The 1/20 scale experiments were carried out under the Froude scaling using gasoline pool fires ranging from 6.6 to 10 cm in diameter corresponding to total heat release rate from 0.714 to 2.5 kW. Temperatures near the ceiling were lowered by installing the vent, and much lowered by operating fan compared wiht tile case without vent. In case of forced ventilation, the exhaust fan was more effective than the intake fan. Vertical temperatures at the upper part of the tunnel were also lowered by installing the vent. But, when suction fan was operated, temperatures at the lower part of the tunnel were higher than that without vent.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 2002

In this study reduced-scale experiments were conducted to analyze smoke movement in tunnel fire with jet fan, The 1/20 scale experiments were carried out under the froude scaling using gasoline pool fire range from 6.6 to 12.5 cm in diameter with total heat release rate from 0.714 to 4.77 kW. In the case of fires under the 2.5kW, backlaying was reduced about 40cm and smoke was effectively controled in downstream of the fan when operating the fan. The smoke layer was moved down and the ceiling temperature was decreased compared to that of without fan case in upstream of the fan, but the temperature in the lower part of the tunnel was increased.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2008

The burning behaviors of board for flooring materials were investigated using cone calorimetry at an incident heat flux of $50kWm^{-2}$. Seven domestic flooring materials were used to observe the burning behavior of maximum heat release rate, total heat release and average heat release rate. The experimental data indicated that the medium density fiberboard (MDF) flooring had higher release rate than the other flooring materials. Also, the mass loss of MDF flooring was higher than the other floors. When measuring the smoke production from burning, PE fiberboard flooring and PVC Plastic Resin Sheet showed higher carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide yield than the others. The average smoke release of both carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide through specific extinction area was similar. Toxic smoke measurement from flooring materials were determined by the mouse stop motion, and the results indicated that MDF flooring contains more toxic material than the other flooring materials.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.303-307
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• 2008

In this study, we have carried out the cone calorimeter test to examine the thermal characteristics, such as total smoke production(TSP), smoke temperature and oxygen consumption, of significant parts of above trees which are representative species of Young Dong Province of Korea. The smoke production of dead leaves and living leaves of pinus densiflora was increased rapidly at the early period of combustion. So the total smoke production of this parts was 8.3 times higher than other parts. The TSP of branches and barks of quercus dentata was 14.4 and 7.2 times higher than of pinus densiflora respectively. And also the maximum smoke temperature was about $338.35{\sim}353.25\;K$. The significant difference of oxygen consumption was not detected for dead leaves, branches and barks. However, the oxygen consumption of living leaves which have high percentage of moisture content is the lowest.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.469-474
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• 2010

Wood has an essential drawback such as high combustion ability. The purpose of this paper is to examine the combustion properties of the quercus variabilis and zelkova serrata dried at room temperature. The cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) was used to determine the heat release rate (HRR) and fire smoke index, as well as CO/$CO_2$ production and smoke obscuration. The total heat release (THR), $140.2\;MJ/m^2$ of the quercus variabilis under an external $50\;kW/m^2$ was high in comparison with THR $85.7\;MJ/m^2$ for the zelkova serrata. Furthermore, the quercus variabilis has high total smoke production (TSP), $3.50\;m^2$ compared with TSP $0.65\;m^2$ of zelkova serrata. Thease results depend on the bulk density of tested wood species. In addition, the CO/$CO_2$ production ratio of zelkova serrata and quercus variabilis was measured as 0.053, 0.043, respectively. Also, zelkova serrata showed an increase of fire-resistance attributed to char formation compared with that of quercus variabilis.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.616-620
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• 2013

In this work, the combustive properties of the swine manure, poultry manure, and mixtures based on the resource recycling-energy were investigated. After the specimens were dried to a constant weight by dry oven, combustive properties were tested by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). It was found that the peak effective heat of combustion (PEHC) in the swine manure (78.72 MJ/kg) has risen due to more amount of the hydrocabon compared with poultry manure (69.41 MJ/kg), also the swine manure increased both of the higher $CO_2$ production rate (0.1959 g/s) and total smoke release rate (THRR) ($419m^2/m^2$) than those of the poultry manure. However, both of the CO production release (0.0996 kg/kg) and CO production rate (0034 g/s) in the poultry manure increased due to more amount of the inorganic contents compared with swine manure. Thus, the high combustion energy is expected to generate depend on the hydrocarbon content.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.1190-1195
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• 2005

Biomass burning is a source of greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Under the ideal conditions of complete combustion, the burning of biomass produces carbon dioxide and water vapor. Since complete combustion is not achieved under any conditions of biomass burning, other carbon species, including carbon monoxide, methane, non-methane hydrocarbons and particulate carbon are produced. In this study, we analyze the combustion characteristics of rice-husk, such as heat release rate, smoke production rate, the percentage variation of CO and $CO_2$, oxygen consumption rate, and mass loss under different heat fluxes (20, 50 and 70kW). As a result, at 20kW incomplete combustion is occurred so that the percentage of CO is high in initial burning and total smoke release is higher than the others. At 50kW and 70kW, the combustion behaviors is very similar except the variation of CO percentage.