• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.728-732
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• 2003

Each 3 g of five different commercial Gal Geun Tang extractive granules was mixed with 97 $m\ell$ of methanol or water for 1.5 hour at room temperature and filtered through a Whatman No. 1 filter paper, and the filtrate was used to determine antioxidant activity. Antioxidative abilities of each extracts were compared by measuring total phenol content (TPC), electron donating ability (EDA), inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and reducing power Average TPC of methanol extracts from five samples was 0.14 mM within the range of 0.07~0.23 mM, while that of water extracts was 0.23 mM, higher than that of methanol extracts. Average EDA of the methanol extracts was 85.54%, higher than that of the 0.1% BHT (72.26%). Average EDA values of the water extracts were 69.7%. Average value of inhibition against lipid peroxidation of the methanol extracts was 26.95%, and the range of five samples was 17.02~37.36%. Inhibition against lipid peroxidation of the water extracts showed relatively low value, 18.62%. Reducing power of the methanol extracts was 0.77 unit, which was 73.1% of 0.1% BHT, and that of water extracts was 0.88 unit. These results indicate that commercial Gal Geun Tang shows high antioxidant ability, though there are some differences depending on extract solvent and manufacturing company.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.893-902
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the bioactivity of extracts from the seeds of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fructus (GJE) found in Namhae, Korea. Extraction was performed using three solvents, 70% methanol, Distilled Water (DW), and Ethyl Acetate (EA). We determined the total phenol and phytic acid contents of the extracts to evaluate their nitrogen oxide scavenging activity, antioxidant activity, reducing power, and lipid peroxidation inhibition ability. The phytic acid content of GJE was found to be 1.157 mg PAE (Phytic Acid Equivalent) /g DW. The yields of the three extraction processes were as follows: DW, 36.61%; 70% methanol, 30.10%; and EA, 20.40%. The physiological activities of the extract solvents increased significantly with increasing concentrations (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/mL) (p<0.05), but were lower than those of ascorbic acid, BHA, and trolox. Total phenol content was the highest in the 70% methanol extract, followed by DW and EA extracts. Further, nitrogen oxide scavenging activity and antioxidant activity were the highest for the 70% methanol extract followed by DW and EA extracts. Based on these results, the bioactivities of the 70% methanol and DW extracts of GJ seeds were excellent. These extracts can be used as natural antioxidants.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 2021

Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium are commonly used probiotics. This study aimed to identify the effect of live combined Bacillus subtilis R0179 and Enterococcus faecium R0026 (LCBE) on obesity-associated hyperlipidemia and gut microbiota in C57BL/6 mice. Forty male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: normal group (N group), model group (M group), low-dose group (L group), and high-dose group (H group). Mice were gavaged with LCBE at 0.023 g/mice/day (L group) or 0.23 g/mice/day (H group) and fed with a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. In vitro E. faecium R0026 showed an ability to lower the low-concentration of cholesterol by 46%, and the ability to lower the high-concentration of cholesterol by 58%. LCBE significantly reduced the body weight gain, Lee index, brown fat index and body mass index of mice on a high-fat diet. Moreover, LCBE markedly improved serum lipids (including serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein) while also significantly reducing liver total cholesterol. Serum lipopolysaccharide and total bile acid in L and H groups decreased significantly compared with M group. PCR-DGGE analysis showed that the composition of gut microbiota in the treatment groups was improved. Akkermansia muciniphila was found in H group. The PCA result indicated a similar gut microbiota structure between LCBE treatment groups and normal group while the number of bands and Shannon diversity index increased significantly in the LCBE treatment groups. Finally, qPCR showed Bifidobacterium spp. increased significantly in H group compared with M group, LCBE alleviated liver steatosis and improved brown adipose tissue index.

• Mycobiology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.295-301
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• 2010

We evaluated the antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory effects of Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting bodies extracted with acetone, methanol, and hot water. The antioxidant activities were tested against $\beta$-carotene-linoleic acid, reducing power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity, and ferrous chelating ability. Furthermore, phenolic acid and flavonoid contents were also analyzed. The methanol extract showed the strongest $\beta$-carotene-linoleic acid inhibition as compared to the other exracts. The acetone extract (8 mg/mL) showed a significantly high reducing power of 1.54 than the other extracts. The acetone extract was more effective than other extracts for scavenging on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals. The strongest chelating effect (85.66%) was obtained from the acetone extract at 1.0 mg/mL. The antioxidant activities of the extracts from the P. ostreatus fruiting bodies increased with increasing concentration. A high performance liquid chromatography analysis detected seven phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, naringenin, hesperetin, formononetin, and biochanin-A in an acetonitrile and 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (5 : 1) solvent extract. The total phenolic compound concentration was $188{\mu}g$/g. Tyrosinase inhibition of the acetone, methanol, and hot water P. ostreatus extracts increased with increasing concentration. The results revealed that the methanol extract had good tyrosinase inhibitory ability, whereas the acetone and hot water extracts showed moderate activity at the concentrations tested. The results suggested that P. ostreatus may have potential as a natural antioxidant.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.641-648
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pre-heating treatment effects on the antioxidant properties of ethanolic garlic and onion extracts. Garlic and onion with or without heating ($100^{\circ}C$, 30 min) were extracted with ethanol, and the total phenolic content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, iron chelating ability, reducing power, and antioxidant activity in a linoleic acid emulsion system were evaluated. Garlic (41%) had a higher drying yield than onion (11%). Regardless of pre-heating, ethanol extracts of onion resulted in an approximately 25-fold higher yield than those of garlic. Thermal treatment before extraction decreased the levels of ethanol-soluble phenolics for both garlic and onion. Regardless of pre-heating, the radical scavenging abilities of ethanol extracts from garlic were greater than the ethanol extracts from onion. The iron chelating abilities of ethanol extracts from fresh and heated garlic were 85 and 81% at 10 mg/mL, respectively, whereas those of onion extracts were 10 and 9% at the same concentration, respectively. However, no differences in reducing power between garlic and onion extracts were observed. Both garlic and onion inhibited the formation of hydroperoxide in linoleic acid emulsion systems when ethanol was used as a solvent. Overall, garlic extracts had greater antioxidant activity than onion extracts, and the antioxidant activity of garlic and onion extracts were not significantly affected by thermal treatment.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2008

The odours from spreading the slurry, manure storage tanks, and the stall are a source of annoyance for the neighbors and sometimes even become a case for civil appeal. Reducing the odourant and ammonia emission is an urgent need to be addressed. It is known that brown coal and oak charcoal have an ability to absorb odour. We designed an experiment set in lab scale and used the brown coal and oak charcoal as additives in the test to reduce odour. The test are divided into two categories; namely aeration and no-aeration. The additives were added to the each sample at a concentration of 5% and 10% of total base solids, besides the control samples. We carried out the Phenate Method for ammonia analyzing. In the non-aerated case, the results showed a reducing efficiency of 23.7% and 26.4% with an addition rate of 5% and 10% of additives, respectively. In the aerated test, the reducing efficiency of ammonia was 17.8% and 21.0% with an addition rate of 5% and 10% of additives, respectively. In case of oak charcoal, non-aeration showed removal efficiencies of ammonia at 15.9% and 16.1% with addition rates of 5% and 10%, respectively, With aeration, they were 11.4% and 26.4% with addition rates of 5% and 10% oak charcoal, respectively. The tests show that brown coal and oak charcoal have a reducing effect on ammonia emissions.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1292-1298
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-adipogenic activities of Ligularia stenocephala (L. stenocephala) extract. The contents of the total polyphenol of the extract was 55.950 mg GAE/g residue. Antioxidant activities of L. stenocephala were evaluated by free radical scavenging ability and a reducing power test. 2,2'azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ${\alpha}$-${\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities of the extract were approximately 90% and 70%, respectively. Reducing power of the extract was 258.833 mg TE/g residue. The anti-adipogenic activity of L. stenocephala extract was examined in 3T3-L1 cells. During adipocyte differentiation, the 3T3-L1 cells were treated both with and without the extract. L. stenocephala extract suppressed the lipid accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner in the 3T3-L1 cells. The L. stenocephala extract inhibited the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and adipocyte protein 2 (aP2) proteins, compared with control adipocytes. These results indicate that L. stenocephala could be regarded as a potential source natural antioxidant and an anti-obesity agent.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.260-265
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• 2008

Annona reticulata belonging to the family Annonaceae is traditionally used as anthelmintic and it is reported to have anticancer activity. Free radicals are known to be involved in various types of diseases like cancer, diabetes, neurological disorders etc. The present study was aimed to evaluate free radical scavenging property of methanol extract of the leaves of Annona reticulata in some in vitro models e.g. DPPH, nitric oxide, superoxide and lipid peroxide radical model. The extract showed good dose-dependent free radical scavenging property in all the models. $IC_{50}$ values were found to be 3.22, 170.01, 25.12 and $140.12\;{\mu}g/ml$ respectively in DPPH, nitric oxide, superoxide and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. Reductive ability of the extract was also tested based on potassium ferricyanide reduction where dose dependant reducing capability was observed. Measurement of total phenolic compounds by Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent indicated that 1mg of the extract contained $146.20\;{\mu}g$ equivalent of pyrocatechol. The findings ascertain promising free radical scavenging property of the extract and the antioxidant property of the extract may be due to the high content of phenolic compounds.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.893-901
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• 2015

This study investigated the effects of thawing conditions on physiological activities and quality of peeled garlic. Peeled frozen garlic was analyzed after thawing at low temperature ($4^{\circ}C$), room temperature ($20^{\circ}C$), tap water ($20^{\circ}C$), radio frequency of 27.12 MHz, and 2.45 GHz in a microwave. As a result, the time required to thaw garlic to $0^{\circ}C$ by various thawing methods was shortest at2.45 GHz in a microwave, followed by $20^{\circ}C$ tap water, radio frequency of 27.12 MHz, $20^{\circ}C$, and $4^{\circ}C$. Microwave thawing was faster than other methods, but it resulted in significant non-uniformity of heating. The hardness of peeled garlic significantly decreased upon freeze-thawing, whereas it showed improved hardness upon radio-frequency thawing. Total color difference in garlic increased upon freeze-thawing, and it was not improved by various thawing methods. Antioxidant activities were determined for DPPH radical scavenging ability, SOD-like activity, and reducing power. Total phenolic compounds and flavonoids in garlic extract were measured as $3.222{\pm}0.214{\mu}g$ GAE/g and $0.149{\pm}0.03{\mu}g$ QE/g, respectively. The content of total phenolic compounds was significantly reduced by 2.45 GHz microwave thawing ($1.90{\pm}0.02{\mu}g$ GAE/g); however, flavonoid contents were slightly reduced under freezing and thawing conditions. The DPPH radical scavenging ability of garlic extracts was not affected by thawing methods; however, SOD-like activity and reducing power were slightly reduced by freeze-thawing. These results indicate that physiological activities were not improved by radio-frequency thawing; however, thawing time and maintain hardness were reduced compared with conventional thawing methods.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.906-914
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• 2020

To investigate the usefulness of natural plants, physicochemical characteristics, functional components and physiological activities of dodder(Cuscuta australis R.Brown) were experimented. The extraction of dodder was carried out at 60℃ in shaking bath with 10 times of distilled water for three hours. Harmful metals such as lead, cadmium and arsenic were not detected, but the content of mercury from dodder was 0.0004ppm in acceptable standards. The extraction yield was 23.45%, total content of phenolics equivalent to gallic acid was 699.8 mg/100g and total content of flavonoid equivalent to naringin was 373.8 mg/100g. 28 kinds of free amino acids were detected with the contents of 252mg/100g in the dodder extract, and the contents of anserine and sarcosine were analysed highest in all amino acids. From the comparison of physiological activities of dodder extract with those of ascorbic acid, total reducing power, electron donating ability based on DPPH radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power was equivalent to 88%, 56% and 40%, respectively, of ascorbic acid. The nitrite scavenging activity of dodder extract was 78% of ascorbic acid on pH 1.5, but the antioxidant index of dodder on perilla oil was about 4 times greater than that of ascorbic acid.