• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.74-79
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• 2008

This research was conducted to evaluate fungal and bacterial populations in unhulled and brown rice under indoor storage conditions, and to examine the relationship between microbial populations and environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity. The temperature and relative humidity of the storage room ranged from $22.6^{\circ}C\;to\;27.0^{\circ}C$ and 23.3% to 44.2%, respectively. Total fungal and bacterial populations remained relatively stable over the storage period. Predominant fungi included Aspergillus candidus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, and Penicillium spp.; the predominant bacteria were Bacillus, Microbacterium, Sphingomonas, and Methylobacterium spp. Total fungi and bacteria were not significantly correlated with either unhulled (r=0.448, P=0.372) or brown (r=0.466, P=0.351) rice. In unhulled rice, total fungi showed positive correlations with total Aspergillus (r=0.994, P<0.001) and total Penicillium (r=0.906, P<0.05); A. flavus was positively correlated with total Aspergillus (r=0.913, P<0.05) and total fungi (r=0.868, P<0.05). In brown rice, Bacillus spp. was also positively correlated with total bacteria (r=0.998, P<0.001). Mean temperature was negatively correlated with A. candidus (r=-0.852, P<0.05) and total fungi (r=-0.961, P<0.01), and mean relative humidity was positively correlated with total Penicillium spp.(r=0.884, P<0.05) in brown rice. Hence these results could provide basic information on the fungal and bacterial populations in unhulled and brown rice stored under room conditions, and on the effect of environmental conditions on the populations of fungi and bacteria, especially Aspergillus and Penicillium spp.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.404-408
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• 2003

In this study, we examined the influences of pH and total concentration on the speciation of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn) in acid mine drainage. Their labile concentrations were analyzed by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV) at both natural pH and adjusted pHs (from 2 to 8). We obtained regression equations for predicting labile concentrations as a function of the water pH and contamination level (total dissolved metal concentration). Our data show that labile Cu depends on both the total concentration and pH, while labile Cd and Zn concentrations are controlled mainly by their total concentration rather than pH. Therefore, the pH variation of AMD may significantly change the toxicity and bioavailability especially of Cu, owing to its speciation change.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.2
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• pp.83-110
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to identify the sleep/activity patterns of neonates and to provide a baseline data for the development effective mother-infant relationship. Subjects of this study were 36 newborns aged 1-21 days and stayed in Postpartum Care Center in Taejon during the period of October 28th, 1999 to February 10th, 2000. The data were collected using NCASA developed by Barnard et al. and were analyzed with SPSS 7.5 for window program. The results of this study were as follows: 1. An average day sleep of neonates was 8.0 hours, night sleep was 3.6 hours, and total sleep was 11.6 hours. A longest period of day sleep was 3.8 hours and a longest period of night sleep was 3.4 hours. The regularity of day sleep was 22.1%, night sleep was 23.3%, and total was 22.1%. 2. The frequency of daytime feeding was 6.9, nighttime fee ding was 3.4, resulting in total of 10.3. The regularity of feeding was 37.4%, and the frequency of night awakening was 2.4. 3. Associations among variables related to neonate's sleep/activity records were as follows : - The regularity of total sleep was positively correlated with the frequencies of day sleep(r=.57, P=.00), night sleep (r=.40, P=.01), and total sleep(r=.65, P=.00). - The frequency of total feeding was negatively correlated with the frequencies of day sleep(r=-.29, P=.04), night sleep(r=-.39, P=.02), and total sleep(r=-.42, P=.00), as well as longest day sleep(r=-.50, P=.00). - The regularity of feeding was negatively correlated with the frequency of night sleep(r=-.35, P=.02), longest period of day sleep(r=-.32, P=.04), and longest period of night sleep(r=-.30. P=.04), whereas positively correlated with frequencies of daytime feeding (r=.29, P=.02) and nighttime feeding (r=.32, P=.05). - The frequency of night awakening was negatively correlated with amount of night sleep(r=-.39, P=.02) and frequency of daytime feeding(r=-.42, P=.01) while positively correlated with frequencies of nighttime feeding(r=.68, P=.00) and total feeding(r=.50, P=.00). 4. Although there was no statistical significant difference between sleep pattern and infant's age, following tendency was noted: - As baby gets older, total amount of sleep and longest period of day sleep decreased while longest period of night sleep increased. - As baby gets older, the regularity of day sleep decreased while the regularity of night sleep and total sleep slightly increased. - The frequencies of daytime and total feedings increased while the frequency of nighttime feeding decreased. In conclusion, the author found that the neonates of this study showed less amount of sleep, more night awakening, and more night time feedings than NCAST sample. There was a certain sleep/activity pattern existed: If babies were fed more frequently, daytime or nighttime sleeping hours became shorter, and if babies had longer daytime sleep, frequent nighttime awakenings were noted. This pattern illustrated the significant influence of feeding and sleep periods on each other. Awakening in the night is natural and normal patterns in the newborn period. The result of this study will provide information to parents about what to expect their infants.

• Medical Lasers
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 2021

Background and Objectives This study was conducted to investigate the change of total work and total work ratio for each set, peak heart rate during exercise, and blood lactate for each set during the 5-set bench press exercise at 75% one repetition maximum test (1-RM). Materials and Methods Seven men in their 20s with more than 6 months of experience doing resistance exercises were selected as subjects, and their 1-RM bench press was measured two weeks before the experiment and 75% 1-RM was measured one week before the experiment. In this study, total work was measured for each set, and heart rate was measured during rest and set-by-set exercise. Blood lactate was measured during rest time after each set. The raw data were analyzed by repeated one-way ANOVA. Results Total work and total work ratio decreased from 1 set to 4 sets (p < .05), p < .001), heart rate increased from stable at the start of exercise (p < .001) and decreased between 3 sets and 4 sets (p < .05). Blood lactate increased continuously up to 2 sets (p < .001, p < .01). Conclusion In conclusion, total work and heart rate decreased with muscle fatigue during exercise, and blood lactate continuously increased. The results of this study are expected to be useful references for constructing resistance exercise programs in the future.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.68-87
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to develop a patient care standard which is the basis of unit based quality assurance. The subjects were 570 nurses of 6 hospitals is Seoul. Patient Care Standards were developed from 3 times of clinical Nurses Association's workshop & the joint meeting of Clinical Nurses Association & the Korean Nurses Academic Socity of Nursing Administration. Respondents were instructed to rate of the 2 types of 5 - point Likert type questionnaire(one is the level of perceived importance, the other is the level of actual performance) Findings of this study were as follows 1. As a results of reliability analysis, each questionnaire ranged from $\alpha$=0.79 to 0.94