• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.60-63
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• 2016

The study is a pioneering effort to determine the mineral, nutritional, and phytochemical composition and phenolic content and to determine the free radical scavenging activity of Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr, a native bamboo species (locally known as "bolo") in the Philippines. Proximate analysis showed that air-dried G. levis leaves contain 15.8% ash, 22.6% crude protein, 1.2% crude fat, 29.3% crude fiber, and 19.7% total sugar. Phytochemical tests indicated the presence of diterpenes, triterpenes, saponins, phenols, tannins, and flavonoids in both the ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts, while phytosterols were only detected in the ethanolic extract. Folin-Ciocalteu assay determined the total phenolic content in gallic acid equivalents (GAE) to be $85.86{\pm}3.71$ and $32.32{\pm}1.01mg\;GAE/100g$ dried sample for the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. The total phenolic content in quercetin equivalents (QE) was $74.44{\pm}3.11$ and $29.43{\pm}0.85mg\;QE/100g$ dried sample for the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. The radical scavenging activity of the different solvent fractions containing varying concentrations of the extract was determined using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The ethyl acetate and 1-butanol fractions were found to have the highest radical scavenging activity. Mineral analysis via Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (EDS) of the ash of G. levis leaves showed that Si is the major component, followed by K and Mg. These results point to the potential of G. levis leaves as a source of minerals and bioactive compounds with medicinal value.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.256-261
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• 2016

This study investigated the changes in functional components of barley powder produced from different grain varieties (Dahan, Hinchalssalbori, Heukgwang, Huknuri and Boseokchal) and varying milling degrees (27, 23, 19, and 15%). Total polyphenol contents increased with a decrease in the milling degree, with content ranges of 0.97-1.40, 1.19-1.66, 1.22-1.77, 1.30-1.93, and 1.46-2.12 mg/g, respectively. Total flavonoids content also increased with a decrease in the milling degree. The total polyphenol and flavonoids contents were the highest in barley powder from Huknuri and Boseokchal grains. Total dietary fiber, arabinoxylan, and GABA contents increased with a decrease in the milling degree. As the milling degrees decreased, ${\beta}$-glucan contents, which was the highest in Hinchalssalbori and Boseokchal, decreased with ranges of 4.98-7.29, 5.26-7.03, 4.84-7.17, 4.84-700, and 4.66-6.33 mg/100 g, respectively. These results provide useful data for selection of an appropriate variety and milling degree to achieve a high quality in barley processing.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.633-644
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate effect of dried powders and ethanol extracts of garlic flesh and peel on antioxidative capacity in 16-month- old rats. Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 618.1$\pm$6.5g were blocked into five groups according to body weight and raised for 3 months with experimental diets containing 5% (w/w) of dried powders of garlic flesh or peel, or ethanol extracts from equal amount of each dried powder. Total polyphenols, flavonoids, /3 -carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels were determined in garlic preparations. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels in plasma, liver and VLDL + LDL fraction, oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine, 80HdG) in kidney, xanthine oxidase (XO) activities in plasma and liver, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in erythrocyte and liver, and carotenoid concentration, and total antioxidant status (TAS) in plasma were measured. Total polyphenols and flavonoids contents in garlic preparations were highest in peel ethanol extract. Vitamin C content was not different significantly among preparations, but peel powder contains slightly more vitamin C. The content of $\beta$-carotene was highest in peel ethanol extract and vitmain E content was highest in flesh ethanol extract. The highest level of TAS was observed in peel ethanol extract. Plasma TBARS levels in all the experimental groups were found to be significantly lower than control group, and TBARS concentration in VLDL + LDL fraction was decreased in all the experimental groups in comparison to control group. Also levels of 80HdG in kidney in experimental groups were lower than that of control group. Plasma and liver XO activities were. decreased in all experimental groups, and erythrocyte and liver SOD activities were higher in experimental groups compared to control group. All experimental groups also showed higher plasma TAS levels than control group. Especially, garlic flesh powder group was significantly lower in plasma and liver XO activities, and significantly higher in erythrocyte and liver SOD activities than control group. Moreover, plasma TBARS level and kidney 8OHdG level were decreased in flesh powder group. In conclusion, garlic diets showed effect of improving antioxidative capacity in 16-month old rats, especially, garlic flesh powder was prominent in inhibiting XO activity, promoting SOD activity and decreasing kidney 8OHdG level among experimental groups.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.330-330
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• 2022

In recent studies, cold plasma has been used to induce exudation of polyphenols and flavonoids from food materials, leading to enhancement of functional properties. And it is known that polyphenols interact with inflammation related metabolism. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of cold plasma treatments on the increase of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and anti-inflammatory activities of 'Sinpalkwang' peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) hull. Plasma treatments were carried out using a dielectric barrier discharge gas exchange system at different radicals and temperatures (O₃-25℃, O₃-150℃, NO_x-150℃). Significant differences in TPC, TFC, and inflammatory mediator such as nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophages were observed between treated and non-treated peanut hull samples (p < 0.001). Cold plasma treated samples showed higher content (TPC: 2.87-2.93 mg/g sample, TFC: 0.96-0.98 mg/g sample) than non-treated sample (TPC: 2.47 mg/g sample, TFC: 0.78 mg/g sample). Cold plasma treated samples showed lower content of NO (3.3-5.0 uM) and TNF-α (141.4-162.2 ng/mL) than non-treated sample (NO: 11.1 uM, TNF-α: 210.2 ng/mL). This study suggests that cold plasma has potential to improve functionalities of food materials and that cold plasma treated peanut hull can be used as immune enhancing materials.

• Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.919-927
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• 2018

To compare the antioxidant properties and flavonols in various parts; dry skin (DS) and edible portion (EP), of 8 red onions (Allium cepa L, ROs), total content of phenolics (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and anthocyanins (TAC) and DPPH radical scavenging properties were estimated and the content of six flavonols were quantified by HPLC-PDA analysis. The major component of DS and EP of RO was quercetin and quercetin-4'-glucoside, respectively. Score plots of the PCA and PLS-DA were segregated by flavonols content and antioxidant properties according to the EP and DS of ROs. Loading plot of the PCA showed that the quercetin and sum of flavonol content were highly correlated with antioxidant activity of ROs. Therefore, flavonol content and antioxidant activity can be used as markers for distinct parts of ROs.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2021

Mulberry was dried with low temperature vacuum dryer using microwave. The nutritional compositions of microwave-dried mulberry including proximate composition, sugar content, mineral content, total phenolic, flavonoids, and anthocyanin, beta-carotene, vitamin C, and amino acid composition were measured. Sugar contents of mulberry were 42.6 mg/100g (Cheongilppong) and 43.27 mg/100g dw (Gwasang No. 2). The main components of mulberry sugars were fructose and glucose. Mineral analysis showed that K, P, Ca, and Mg were abundant regardless of mulberry cultivars.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.430-435
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• 2012

The objectives of this study were to form comparisons of total polyphenol compounds, the antioxidant activities and the urushiol contents of lacquer tree(Rhus verniciflua) bark and the sensory properties of chicken soup was made with lacquer tree bark that was cultivated from different cultivation areas; Hamyang, Wonju and China. Total polyphenol contents of Hamyang, Wonju and China were estimated as $375.28{\pm}3.48$, $403.60{\pm}6.6$ and $311.06{\pm}4.99$ mg/g. The total flavonoids contents of Hamyang, Wonju and China were measured as $374{\pm}14.12$, $683.70{\pm}12.64$ and $334.64{\pm}18.40$ mg/g. The total phenolic compounds and flavonoids concentration, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and ABTS radical scavenging of lacquer tree cultivated in Wonju were higher than the others; Hamyang and China. The urushiol content of lacquer tree bark from Hamyang was $4.59{\pm}0.04$ ppm and higher than others. Urushiol was not detected in China lacquer tree bark. Sensory evaluation tests for chicken soup containing lacquer tree bark showed that the scores of Wonju lacquer tree bark chicken soup was highest, however there are no differences between Hamyang, Wonju, and China significantly(p<0.05).

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.337-341
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• 2011

An HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography)-PDA (photodiode array) detection method was established for the determination of naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin in the fruit of Citrus paradisi and C. grandis. The flavonoids were separated in less than 20 min using an YMC RP 18 column with isocratic elution using acetonitrile and water (23 : 77, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min, and a PDA detector. The levels of naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin were 1345.92, 950.62, and 2078.82 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively, in the peel, and 102.43, 59.13, and 86.68 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively, in the flesh of C. paradisi. In C. grandis, the levels of naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin were 3530.56, 80.00, and 5.26 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively, in the peel, and 59.59, 7.43, and 38.41 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively, in the flesh. The total content was highest in the peel, reaching 0.44% and 0.36% in C. paradisi and C. grandis, respectively, while the flesh contained only 0.025% and 0.011%, respectively. Therefore, the peels of C. paradisi and C. grandis are necessary for the processing and utilization of flavonoids.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2775-2780
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• 2012

In recent years there has been a substantial increase in the use of functional foods for disease control. Fruits and vegetables produce phytochemicals such as flavonoids and antioxidants which can lower oxidative stress and reduce the risk of chronic ailments like cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant capacity and the possible protective effects of Amaranthus paniculatus leaves on the antioxidant defense system in Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC)-treated mice. Oral administration of the leaf extract at different doses caused a significant decrease in tumor volume, viable cell count and tumor weight and elevated the life span of EAC bearing mice. It also showed an improved antioxidant potential as evidenced by a significant increase in the cellular antioxidant defense system such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione and also significantly reduced the levels of TBARS. The levels of RBC, hemoglobin and lymphocyte count were altered in EAC bearing mice and were reverted back to near normal levels after the treatment with the leaf extracts. Their adequate content of total phenolics and flavonoids, DPPH scavenging activity which further suggests that the extracts exert a significant protection against oxidative stress conditions.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2013

Analysis of flavonoid contents in the fruits of Acanthopanax species (A. chiisanensis, A. divaricatus, A. koreanum, A. senticosus, and A. sessiliflorus) was conducted by high performance liquid chromatography. A Discovery$^{(R)}$ C18 ($4.6{\times}250$ mm, 5 ${\mu}m$) column was used with a gradient mobile phase of water and acetonitrile (90 : 10 to 60 : 40 for 60 min) and UV detection was conducted at 350 nm. The contents of rutin, hyperin, quercetin, afzelin, and kaempferol were 0.063~0.540, 0.494~7.480, 0.584~0.704, 0.388~0.567, 0.190~0.471 mg/g, respectively, in the fruits of Acanthopanax species. Total content of flavonoids in the fruits of Acanthopanax species was highest in those of A. chiisanensis. Furthermore, hyperin was the most abundant compound in the fruits of Acanthopanax species. Consequently, our results demonstrate that the fruits of Acanthopanax species containing flavonoids have promising potential as a new income source of agriculture and industry in medicinal natural products, health supplements, and beverages.