• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.14 no.5
• /
• pp.177-183
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the affecting factors and debt characteristics with household debt. The method of analysis was used SPSS 22.0. The main results were as follows. First, psychological debt burden group were found to be lower academic background, more household members, job in agriculture, forestry and fisheries and women among demographic characteristics. This suggests the need for the governments who are interested in the risk from household debt. Second, psychological debt burden group showed higher level of debt and average monthly debt repayments. This study implies that it is necessary to do financial education and consulting. Third, psychological debt burden group seemed that the households with more the average monthly interest payments and repayments on income, the more total liabilities compared to total assets. As the ages get higher, it was gradually increased. It suggests that the development of psychological counseling program for debtor with household debt. Other factors(property prices or the financial environments) will be dealt with in the subsequent studies.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.20
• /
• pp.55-65
• /
• 2007

Black surface layers collected from stone pagodas were analyzed to study the effects of carbon compounds on the blackening of stone surface layer. The total amounts of carbon was measured through elemental analyser. Organic and elemental carbon were measured by combustion ihrornatographic $CO_2$ determination after elimination of carbonates carbon with acid treatment. The elemental carbon concentration in the black surface layer measured 0.52wt.%. This value is not sufficient to explain the complete blackening of stone surface. To trace the origin of carbon in black surface layer on the stone pagoda, aerosol samples for PM 10 were collected at the near sites of the pagoda. The major components of them were soluble ions(42.8wt.%), carbon(38.4 wt.%) and crustal matter(16wt.%). From the high content(13wt.%) of elemental carbon in aerosol ran be deduced that it may be a prime origin for the elemental carbon in the black surface layer on the stone pagoda. The crustal matter in aerosol can be also a origin of silicate mineral in black surface layer and plays a important role in the darkening of black surface layer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
• /
• 2013.05a
• /
• pp.684-689
• /
• 2013

The reality is that many security and administrative issues with the expansion of the IT assets in accordance with the abrupt change in the business environment, most companies today are struggling. Information within an organization is a party through external hackers and viruses that are increasingly intelligent risk, and the risk of internal data spills occur through an unauthorized party and internal information in accordance with the co-operation of the outsourcing company and the employee wants to see a sense of security and due to the frequent project asset outflows the risk is increasing gradually. In this paper, in preparation for such a growing security risk management and the increasing of problems, proposes the Total Management Model by using Microsoft's Directory Service & HR Solution that is an integrated management model that can take low-cost, high-efficiency.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
• /
• v.8 no.5
• /
• pp.87-93
• /
• 2017

Purpose - This paper investigates whether managerial overconfidence is associated with firm-specific crash risk. Overconfidence leads managers to overestimate the returns of their investment projects, and misperceive negative net present value projects as value creating. They even use voluntary disclosures to convey their optimistic beliefs about the firms' long-term prospects to the stock market. Thus, the overconfidence bias can lead to managerial bad news hoarding behavior. When bad news accumulates and crosses some tipping point, it will come out all at once, resulting in a stock price crash. Research design, data and methodology - 7,385 firm-years used for the main analysis are from the KIS Value database between 2006 and 2013. This database covers KOSPI-listed and KOSDAQ-listed firms in Korea. The proxy for overconfidence is based on excess investment in assets. A residual from the regression of total asset growth on sales growth run by industry-year is used as an independent variable. If a firm has at least one crash week during a year, it is referred to as a high crash risk firm. The dependant variable is a dummy variable that equals 1 if a firm is a high crash risk firm, and zero otherwise. After explaining the relationship between managerial overconfidence and crash risk, the total sample was divided into two sub-samples; chaebol firms and non-chaebol firms. The relation between how I overconfidence and crash risk varies with business group affiliation was investigated. Results - The results showed that managerial overconfidence is positively related to crash risk. Specifically, the coefficient of OVERC is significantly positive, supporting the prediction. The results are strong and robust in non-chaebol firms. Conclusions - The results show that firms with overconfident managers are likely to experience stock price crashes. This study is related to past literature that examines the impact of managerial overconfidence on the stock market. This study contributes to the literature by examining whether overconfidence can explain a firm's future crashes.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.73-87
• /
• 2019

Purpose - This research aims to investigate the effects that the selection of oriental medicine cosmetics and brand asset attributes have on consumers' economic, emotional and social values in order to shed light on the forms and characteristics of consumption within the globally developing oriental medicine cosmetics market, and in the end positively verify how such perceived values affect purchase intention. In addition, it proposes research outcomes by comparing the differences between national and cultural consumer purchase behavior based on the comparisons of consumer groups in South Korea and China, the major markets for oriental medicine cosmetics. Research design, data, and methodology - Based on advanced research a total of 9 hypotheses were designed and questionnaires consisting of 16 questions to identify six major variables were conducted. Research was carried out centered on Seoul, South Korea, and its surrounding metropolitan area as well as Beijing and Shanghai, China, and a total of 577 sets of significant data were collected. A comparison analysis was then conducted on the data from 285 Koreans and 292 Chinese. A regression analysis and path analysis were also carried out based on a structural equation model to suggest results. Results - Research results show brand value assets had a more crucial impact on consumers' perceived value than consumer selection of oriental medicine cosmetics, while emotional value had a bigger effect on purchase intension than social or economic values. For Chinese consumers in particular, social, economic and emotional values affected purchase intention, while emotional value was the most crucial factor for Korean consumers. Conclusions - With oriental medicine cosmetics, brand characteristics and images that helped express emotional desire proved to be more effective in marketing than the performance aspect of cosmetics, including their functions and ingredients. In the end, products that highlight individual desire and emotion should be introduced instead of those that emphasize price, functions and social characteristics in order to expand the global market of oriental medicine cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.637-659
• /
• 2021

Since the creation of the first Bitcoin blockchain in 2009, the number of cryptocurrency users has steadily increased. However, the number of hacking attacks targeting assets stored in these users' cryptocurrency wallets is also increasing. Therefore, we evaluate the security of the wallets currently on the market to ensure that they are safe. We first conduct threat modeling to identify threats to cryptocurrency wallets and identify the security requirements. Second, based on the derived security requirements, we utilize attack trees and Bayesian network analysis to quantitatively measure the risks inherent in each wallet and compare them. According to the results, the average total risk in software wallets is 1.22 times greater than that in hardware wallets. In the comparison of different hardware wallets, we found that the total risk inherent to the Trezor One wallet, which has a general-purpose MCU, is 1.11 times greater than that of the Ledger Nano S wallet, which has a secure element. However, use of a secure element in a cryptocurrency wallet has been shown to be less effective at reducing risks.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.26-38
• /
• 2022

Purposes: We analyzed the profitability determinants of regional public hospitals during the entire period between 2010 and 2020 and the period before and after COVID-19. We intended to provide fundamental data for developing publicness evaluation index and task of establishing and expanding regional public hospitals. Methodology: The financial and non-financial information of the regional public hospitals were used as the main analysis data; The financial data was established by the Center for Public Healthcare Policy of National Medical Center, and the non-financial data by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. T-test and regression analysis were used. Findings: The results can be summarized in two. First, the main determinants of profitability of the regional public hospitals were appeared to be the total asset turnover rate and the labor cost rate. Second, during the COVID-19 pandemic in the regional public hospitals, the number of sickbeds, the number of isolation rooms, the total asset turnover rate and the labor cost rate appeared to be the factor worsening the profitability. Practical Implication: The results of this study suggests that the management of the regional public hospitals is not aiming for the profit making, but it performs the functions as the community healthcare safety net such as controlling infectious diseases.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.103-123
• /
• 2022

Purpose - This study investigates the effects of earnings management, related party transactions between chaebol affiliates on earnings management and ESG score on their profitability using return on assets (ROA). Design/Methodology/Approach - We use data including ESG (Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance) score of the Korea Corporate Governance Service(KCGS), and financial data of 10,145 firm-year observations from the Total Solution 2000 (TS 2000) and Korea Companies-Information Service (KOKOInfo), and apply the finite lagged models to investigate the long-term effects of related party transactions between chaebol affiliates of earnings management on ESG scores and corporate performance. Furthermore, to take into consideration the simultaneous mutual effects on each other of main variables, we introduce finite distributed lags of five years. Findings - First, ESG-rated firms have a higher total asset return than non-ESG-rated firms. Second, chaebol firms have a higher profitability than non-chaebol firms. Third, profit management of related party transactions between affiliates within a chaebol has a positive effect on the short-term profitability and a negative effect on the long-term profitability. Fourth, chaebol ESG firms have a lower impact on profitability due to rating up (down) than non-chaebol ESG firms. Research Implications or Originality - Based on the above results, it can be concluded that firms used related party transactions for earnings management, the effects of related party transactions change over time, and chaebol firms manipulate earnings through related party transactions and ESG scores.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.26 no.7
• /
• pp.1004-1012
• /
• 2022

This paper contains the implementation of a game as a feature of a package tour management application with the Digital Game-based Learning approach that helps tourists learn about tourism spots. The game is written in Java language for an Android smartphone that is designed to be integrated with Content Management System (CMS) to manage the game's contents and assets. The game contains one tourism spots introductory level and five quiz game levels with each having a reward (points) and punishment (time penalty) system, then summed the results to obtain the total score from all levels. The total score will determine a tourist's performance and be listed on an online leaderboard to increase competitiveness among tourists. The conducted performance evaluation of the game shows satisfactory results of 0.9 seconds of response time from the database to the game. Implementing the game presented in this paper will potentially reduce the burden of the tour guide and increase the efficiency of managing the tour group.

• Korea Trade Review
• /
• v.41 no.5
• /
• pp.163-185
• /
• 2016

The impact of global trade on developing countries is a critical subject. Especially in this country, under difficult conditions like political issues with North Korea, achieved a trade surplus of 90.2 billion dollars last year. While the service trade recorded a deficit of 15.7 billion dollars in the same period. According to WTO, services are either the result of a production activity that changes the conditions of the consuming units (transformation services), or facilitates the exchange of products or financial assets (margin services). To unify and compare with the trade and service statistics of countries, they assorted 12 classifications of services like Manufacturing service on physical inputs owned by others, Maintenance and repair service n.i.e., Transport, Travel, Construction, Insurance and pension service, Financial service, Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e., Telecommunications, Computer and information services, Other business services, Personal, cultural and recreational services, and Government goods and services n.i.e. Thus, this study is to estimate the international competitiveness of service trade between 2006 and 2015 in Republic of Korea, according to EBOPS 6th. As a result, total service volume of export and import has increased in the last 10 years. Its volume, recently, accounts for 22% of total goods trade. Also the Korean Government can make a supporting policy and decide a supporting business in terms of service trade. Finally, we can find a mutual connectivity within 12 service businesses and between Service and Goods.