• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.134-141
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• 2018

Purpose: Postoperative pancreatic fistula is a serious and fatal complication of gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Blunt trauma to the parenchyma of the pancreas can result from an assistant's forceps compressing and retracting the pancreas, which in turn may result in pancreatic juice leakage. However, no published studies have focused on blunt trauma to the pancreas during laparoscopic surgery. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between compression of the pancreas and pancreatic juice leakage in a swine model. Materials and Methods: Three female pigs were used in this study. The pancreas was gently compressed dorsally for 15 minutes laparoscopically with gauze grasped with forceps. Pancreatic juice leakage was visualized by fluorescence imaging after topical administration of chymotrypsin-activatable fluorophore in real time. Amylase concentrations in ascites collected at specified times was measured. In addition, pancreatic tissue was fixed with formalin, and the histology of the compressed sites was evaluated. Results: Fluorescence imaging enabled visualization of pancreatic juice leaking into ascites around the pancreas. Median concentrations of pancreatic amylase in ascites increased from 46 U/L preoperatively to 12,509 U/L 4 hours after compression. Histological examination of tissues obtained 4 hours after compression revealed necrotic pancreatic acinar cells extending from the surface to deep within the pancreas and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Conclusions: Pancreatic compression by the assistant's forceps can contribute to pancreatic juice leakage. These findings will help to improve the procedure for lymph node dissection around the pancreas during laparoscopic gastrectomy.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.206-216
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• 2014

To investigate the anti-photoaging effect of fermented Red Ginseng(RG) in SKH-1 mice. We examined the effects of extracts of non-fermented RG(NRG group), fermented RG(FRG group) and fortified fermented RG(FFRG group) on skin wrinkles formation, histological changes related to the number of epidermal cell layers, epidermal thickness, neutrophil infiltration into dermis, degradation of collagen fibers, and the number of mast cells, and immunohistochemical changes related to cytokines and enzymes in photoaging skin caused by UVB irradiation of SKH-1 mice. The oral administration(300 mg/Kg B.W./day) and topical application($100{\mu}{\ell}/mouse/day$) of extracts of NRG, FRG and FFRG inhibited increases in epidermal thickness and wrinkle formation compared to control group in dorsal skin induced by UVB irradiation. We observed more increased stainability of acid fuschin and aniline blue in dermis of FFRG group than those of other groups. Furthermore, NRG, FRG and FFRG prevented the disruption of collagen fibers within papillary layer of dermis, and decreased number of mast cells in the dorsal skins induced by UVB irradiation. We observed fine wrinkle formation in FFRG group. Treatment with NRG, FRG and FFRG decreased immunohistochemical density of myeloperoxidase related to inflammation in the photoaging skin. We observed more decreased immunohistochemical density of myeloperoxidase in FFRG group than those of other groups. Immunohistochemical density of PCNA and Ki-67 in FFRG group was more decreased than those of other groups. Our study suggests that fermented red ginseng extracts participates in inhibitory effects in the morphological processes related to photoaging skin on UVB irradiated SKH-1 mice.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.377-382
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• 2011

살균소독제, 라미아-킬(benzalkonium chloride(20%), citric acid(20%))에 대하여 랫드와 토끼를 이용하여 급성경구독 성과 피부 자극성 평가를 각각 수행하였다. 랫드에 라미아-킬 2,000 mg/kg 농도를 최고농도로 하여 단회 투여 후, 14일간 관찰한 결과, 사망, 이상증상 및 체 중변화 등은 관찰되지 않아, 라미아-킬의 $LD_{50}$은 2,000 mg/kg 이상으로 추정되었다. 토끼의 등 부위의 털을 제거하고 찰과부위와 비찰과 부위에 여러 농도로 라미아-킬을 도포 한 후, 피부 자극성을 확인한 결과, 라미아-킬의 l차 자극 지수가 0.50으로 비자극성 물질로 분류되었다. 따라서, 본 연구를 통하여, 라미아-킬은 급성경구독성 시 안전한 물질이며, 피부 자극성을 야기하지 않는 물질로 평가되었다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.35-44
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• 2014

This study was performed to investigate the anti-photoaging effects of Persimmon leaf tea(PLT) in hairless mice(SKH-1) exposed to UVB radiation. The animals were divided into non-treated group (normal, N) and UV-radiated groups. UV-radiated groups were divided into only UV-radiated group(control, C) and UV-radiated and PLT treated experimental groups[first extraction treated group(PLT-I), second extraction treated groupe(PLT-II), and third extraction treated group(PLT-III)]. Three PLT treated experimental groups of mice were treated with both oral administration(300mg/Kg B.W./day) and topical application (100 ul of 2% conc./mouse/day) for 4 weeks. Anti-photoaging effects of Persimmon leaf were evaluated by MTT assay, anti oxidative reaction, MMP immunohistochemistry, gelatin zymography assay and RT-PCR observations. Treatment with Persimmon leaf tea(PLT)-I, and -III groups decreased immunohistochemical density of matrix metalloproteinases(MMP)-3 and -9 related to degradation of extracellular matrix in skin. Especially, immunohistochemical density of MMP-2 decreased in PLT-I, -II and -III groups in skin. On the effects of antioxidant function on the treatment with Persimmon leaf tea(PLT), treatment of HaCaT cells with extracts of PLT-I and PLT-II had also significantly reduced intracellular ROS produced by UVB irradiation in a dose dependent manner(PLT-I, p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001; PLT-II, p<0.01, p<0.001). Gelatin zymography assay revealed that PLT-II and PLT-III (200 ug/ml) had inhibitory effect on MMP-9 expression in UVB-radiated HaCaT cells. Western blot analysis revealed that PLT-1, -II and -III groups down-regulates the expression of inflammatory associated genes(IL-$1{\beta}$) and PLT-1 and -II groups down-regulates the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ in a dose dependent manner. Our study suggests that Persimmon leaf tea(PLT) extracts participates in inhibitory effects on the morphological and molecular experiments related to photoaging skin on UVB irradiated hairless mice.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.224-228
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• 2001

DA-5018, a recently synthesized capsaicin analog, appears to possess potent analgesic activity when administered topically. The objective of this study is to test the feasibility of the topical administration of this compound. Specifically, our goal was to identify vehicle system that permit a reasonable transdermal permeation of the compound in mice. Among the vehicles examined, isopropyl myristate (IPM) showed the largest in vitro permeability across the intact skin (83.6 ${\pm}$ 5.42${\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/h ). However, due to the limited solubility of DA-5018 in IPM (0.53 mg/ml), the maximal flux from the IPM medium remained at only 44.3 ${\pm}2.87{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr. In order to increase the flux, addition of better solvents for DA-5018 was attempted, under the assumption that flux is the result of both solubility and permeability. Ethoxydiglycol (EG) and oleic acid (OA) were selected as examples of food solvents. The addition of IC or OA to IPM at a 1:1 volume ratio resulted in a comparable increase in the solubility of the compound (i.e., to 61.1 and 50.2 mg/ml for EG and OA, respectively). However, the addition of EG at a 1:1 volume ratio, for example, increased the flux 6.3 fold (i.e., $279{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr), while OA, at a 1:1 volume ratio, decreased the flux 5 fold (i.e., $9.26{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$//hr). The mechanism of this discrepancy between EG and OA was investigated by measuring the permeabilty of DA-5018 across the stratum corneum-removed skin of the mouse, under the hypothesis that the viable skin layer may serve as a barrier for the permeation of lipophilic substances such as DA 5018. The permeability of DA-5018, from the medium of EG or OA, across the viable skin differed greatly for EG ($0.41{\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr) and OA ($0.086{\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr), suggesting that a higher permeability across the viable skin layer is needed for the second solvents. The maximum flux across the intact skin was achieved for DA-5018 when EG was added to IPM at a 1:1 volume ratio. Thus, the use of a binary system appears to be the best approach for realizing the transdermal delivery of DA-5018 at a reasonable rate.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.317-325
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• 2023

Background: Local anesthetic injections may induce pain in children, leading to fear and anxiety during subsequent visits. Among the various approaches recommended to reduce pain, one is the use of a Buzzy Bee^TM device that operates on the concept of gate control theory and distraction. The literature regarding its effectiveness during the deposition of local anesthesia remains limited; hence, the aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of extraoral cold and vibrating devices in reducing pain perception during the deposition of local anesthesia. Methods: A split-mouth crossover study in which 40 children aged 3-12 years requiring maxillary infiltration or inferior alveolar nerve block for extractions or pulp therapy in the maxillary or mandibular posterior teeth were included. The control intervention involved the application of topical anesthetic gel for one minute (5% lignocaine gel), followed by the administration of local anesthetic (2% lignocaine with 1:80,000 adrenaline) at a rate of 1 ml/ minute. Along with the control protocol, the test intervention involved using the Buzzy Bee^TM device for 2 minutes before and during the deposition of the local anesthetic injection. The heart rate and face, legs, arms, cry, and consolability revised (FLACC-R) scale scores were recorded by the dentist to assess the child's pain perception. Results: The mean age of the participants in Group A and Group B was 7.050 ± 3.12 years and 7.9 ± 2.65 years respectively. A reduction in the mean heart rate and FLACC-R score was observed during the deposition of local anesthetic solution in the tissues when the Buzzy Bee^TM was used in both groups at different visits in the same subjects (P < 0.05) The Buzzy Bee^TM device was effective in reducing the heart rate and FLACC-R scores when used during maxillary infiltration and inferior alveolar nerve block local anesthesia techniques (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The use of extraoral cold and vibrating devices significantly reduces pain perception during local anesthetic deposition in pediatric patients. Considering the results of this study, the device may be incorporated as an adjunct in routine dental practice while administering local anesthesia in children.

• 분석과 대안
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.27-59
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• 2023

이 연구는 현재 논란이 되고 있는 '신냉전'에 대해 비판적으로 비교하기 위한 시론의 역할을 하는 것을 목적으로 한다. '신냉전' 담론이 미디어와 학계에 주요 이슈로 등장하여 현실 정치적 힘으로 작용하게 된 것은 세 번의 계기를 통해서였다. 중국의 '일대일로' 프로젝트가 출범하고 러시아의 크림병합으로 '우크라이나 위기'가 발생하면서 '신냉전' 담론이 형성되기 시작하여, 트럼프정부의 미중 무역분쟁을 통해 '신냉전' 관련 논쟁이 본격적으로 전면화 된 데 이어, 바이든 정부의 '민주주의 대 권위주의'의 프레임과 푸틴의 우크라이나 침공으로 인해 '신냉전' 논쟁은 현재 심화되고 있다. 현재 논란이 되고 있는 '신냉전'이 역사적으로 공인된 '20세기의 냉전(Cold War)과 동일하거나 연속선상에 있다는 합의'가 부재하다. '신냉전'이라는 용어는 이론적인 검증과 체계화는 물론이고 아직 분석적 개념의 지위를 획득하지 못한 시사적인 용어에 가깝고, 관련 논쟁 또한 주장이나 담론discourse 수준에 머물고 있다. '신냉전' 관련 담론들을 지지 및 동의하는 주장과 이에 대한 비판적 입장을 비교하여, 과거의 냉전과 어떠한 유사성과 차별성이 있는지 분석할 것이다. 이러한 비교 분석을 통해 현재 진행되는 '신냉전' 담론이 오늘날 세계질서의 전환적 현상을 설명하는 데 적실성 있는 개념이 아니라는 것을 논증하고자 한다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

54 마리의 외이염에 이환된 개에서 하이드로코티손 아세포네이트-겐타마이신-미코나졸 국소 혼합제제인 이소틱($Easotic^{(R)}$, Virbac, Carros, France)의 효과를 평가하였다. 외이염 환자들은 이소틱을 하루 1번 적용하여 5일 동안 치료 받았고 2일 동안 휴약 하였으며 처음 적용일로부터 7일 후 평가되었다. 적용 후에 외이염이 지속되는 경우 추가적으로 이소틱을 하루 1번 5일 동안 사용하고 2일 휴약 후에 처음 적용일로부터 14일 후 평가되었다. 이소틱의 효과를 평가하기 위해 8항목의 임상증상을 증상의 심한 정도로 등급을 매겨 점수화하였고 귀의 도말 표본에서 감염인자들을 준정량적으로 등급을 매겨 점수화하였다. 임상증상점수와 감염인자점수의 합을 전체임상점수로 정의하였다. 이소틱을 5일 동안 적용하였을 때 전체임상점수는 76% 감소하였다. 이소틱을 10일 동안 적용하였을 때 처음 5일 동안 전체임상점수는 46.6% 감소하였다. 추가적인 5일간 적용 후 처음 적용할 때와 비교하여 전체임상점수는 82.2% 감소하였다. 모든 케이스에서 실험 기간 동안 치료제와 관련된 부작용은 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 5일 간 이소틱 치료 및 10일 간 이소틱 치료는 개의 외이염을 치료하는데 있어서 효과적이고 안전한 방법으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2012

구강작열감증후군은 구강점막의 만성통증성 작열감이다. 구강작열감증후군의 치료로는 약물치료, 심리치료가 있다. 과거의 연구를 통해 캡사이신, 알파-리포산, 도포용 클로나제팜, 전신적 클로나제팜이 구강작열감증후군 증상의 감소에 효과적임이 보고되었다. 이 연구의 목적은 구강작열감증후군 환자에게 전신적 클로나제팜을 투여하여 치료 효과를 평가하고 약제의 효능과 연령, 통증의 강도, 통증의 기간, 과거의 치과병력, 구강점막 상태 등의 다양한 임상적 특징과의 관계를 밝히는 것이다. 이 연구는 2011년 1월과 2012년 8월 사이에 구강작열감증후군으로 진단된 환자를 대상으로 후향적 임상자료 분석을 통해 이루어졌다. 환자들에게 0.5mg 클로나제팜을 하루 2회 처방하였다. 통증은 전신적 클로나제팜의 투여 전과 투여 1-2주 후에 11-점 숫자등급척도(11-point numeric rating scale, NRS)를 통해 측정되었다. 클로나제팜의 효능은 환자의 연령, 초기 통증 강도, 통증 지속기간, 유발인자의 존재유무, 혀의 상태, 의치착용 유무에 따라 평가되었다. 총 50명의 환자(여성 46명, 남성 4명)가 연구에 참여하였다. 환자들은 상기의 임상적 특징에 따라 2-3개의 군으로 나누었다. 강한 초기 통증 환자들의 평균 NRS 감소량은 $3.33{\pm}2.74$인 반면에 경도 혹은 중등도 초기 통증 환자들의 평균 NRS 감소량은 $1.64{\pm}1.54$였다. 70세 이상의 가장 높은 연령의 환자군의 평균 NRS 감소량은 $3.53{\pm}1.94$였으며, 60세 이하 환자군에서는 $2.88{\pm}1.80$, 60세에서 70세 사이 환자군에서는 $1.54{\pm}2.86$의 감소량을 보였다. 결론적으로 높은 연령의 환자들과 강한 초기 통증을 가진 환자들에게서 클로나제팜의 효능이 뛰어난 경향이 있다. 그러나 통증 기간, 유발인자 유무, 열구설 유무, 의치 장착 유무에 의한 클로나제팜의 효능의 차이는 통계학적 유의성이 없었다.