• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.23-33
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• 1990

A clinical study of selected patients with intraoral squamous cell carcinoma which were managed in the Department of Oral Oncology of Korea Cancer Center Hospital from January 1982 to August 1989 was done. And following results were obtained. 1. Males were involved more than females by intraoral squamous cell carcinoma in a ratio of 4:1. and most of the cases occurred in the 7th and 6th decades (69%). 79% of total patients and 92.5% of males were. 2. The mean duration of symptomatic period was 5.9 months. 3. The common symptoms were swelling (63%), pain (40%), ulceration (33%), and trismus (23%) 4. In the histologic findings, well differentiation comprised 58.0%. 5. The primary sites were the upper alveolar mucosa (32%), the floor of the mouth (21%), the lower alveolar mucosa (19%), tongue (14%), retromolar trigone (8%), palate (7%) and buccal mucosa (3%). 6. According to TNM system, Stage I, Stage II, Stage III, and Stage IV comprised 4%, 15%, 32%, and 49% respectively. 7. In the management of intraoral squamous cell carcinoma, surgeries were done in the 32 cases, 23 cases of which were managed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy concurrently. And radiation therapy alone was received in 35 cases. 8. Overall 3 and 5-year survival rates without regarding to stage were 27.6% and 21.4%. 9. 3-year survival rate of female patients was 47.2% and that of male patients was 22.6%. 10. 5-year survival rate was 53.9% for "early" cancer (stage I and II) and 15.6% for "advanced"cancer (stage III and IV). Survival rate of patients in the early stages of cancer appeared to be higher than that of patients with stage III and IV(p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.490-495
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• 2011

Introduction: Development of carcinoma on oral tongue may cause bilateral cervical lymph node metastasis, rapid invasion and growth of the cancer cells due to rich blood supply in muscle tissues. It is not only difficult to develop an animal experimental model, but also to proceed follow-up research after the development of such model as the induction of cancer lead to difficulty in taking nutrition for the experimental animals that often causes early death. Materials and Methods: IIn this study, author have transplanted YD-$10B_{mod}$ cells into nude mouse oral tongues with different cells number ($5{\times}10^4$, $5{\times}10^5$, $5{\times}10^6$ cells/mouse) and observed the development aspect of oral tongue cancers. Results: The cancer developed from orthotopic transplantation of YD-$10B_{mod}$ cells into nude mouse oral tongue show invasion and central necrosis of the tumor, similar to the cancers developed human oral tongue cancer. The difference in tumor size and the time of central necrosis development depending on the number of transplanted tumor cells shows the feasibility of extending the survival period of the nude mouse by limiting the transplanted tumor cells to < $5{\times}10^4$ cells/mouse or under per nude mouse. Conclusion: This nude mouse model could be used effectively in developing effective chemotheray agent and establishing an animal experimental model that can be used to study the mechanism of cervical lymph node metastasis of the oral tongue cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.376-379
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• 2009

Likely to be the most common oral cancer, squamous cell carcinoma(SCC) of the tongue accounts for about 20% of all oral and pharyngeal cancers. SCC of the tongue frequently arises in the lateral border, and if it metastasize, it occurs on submandibular gland and neck lymph nodes. Location of the primary lesions and neck lymph node metastasis affect the prognosis and decrease survival rate of patients with carcinoma of the tongue. The authors experienced the patient with contralateral neck lymph node metastasis of SCC of the tongue. The patient came to our department with chief complaint of elevated lesion on left lateral border of the tongue. The mass was diagnosed as $T_2N_0M_0$, Stage II invasive SCC of oral tongue. Computed tomography(CT) & magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) which were taken before the operation showed no significant finding of metastasis. Surgical mass removal and preventive neck dissection on the left side were done. While follow up PET/CT, contralateral neck lymph node metastasis(right side, level II) was detected, and re-operation(Rt. side RND) was done. There are few studies concerning the contralateral neck lymph node metastasis related with SCC of the tongue. The purpose of this report is to introduce the uncommon case of contralateral neck lymph node metastasis occurred in the $T_2$-stage of SCC of the tongue treated by surgical resection.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2015

Shikonin, a major ingredient in the traditional Chinese herb Lithospermumerythrorhizon, exhibits multiple biological functions including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. It has recently been reported that shikonin displays antitumor properties in many cancers. This study was aimed to investigate whether shikonin could inhibit oral squamous carcinoma cell (OSCC) growth via mechanisms of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The effects of shikonin on the viability and growth of OSCC cell line, SCC25 cells were assessed by MTT assay and clonogenic assays, respectively. Hoechst staining and DNA electrophoresis indicated that the shikonin-treated SCC25 cells were undergoing apoptosis. Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, MMP activity, and proteasome activity also supported the finding that shikonin induces apoptosis. Shikonin treatment of SCC25 cells resulted in a time- and dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, inhibition of cell growth, and increase in apoptotic cell death. The treated SCC25 cells showed several lines of apoptotic manifestation as follows: nuclear condensation; DNA fragmentation; reduced MMP and proteasome activity; decrease in DNA contents; release of cytochrome c into cytosol; translocation of AIF and DFF40 (CAD) onto the nuclei; a significant shift in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio; and activation of caspase-9, -7, -6, and -3, as well as PARP, lamin A/C, and DFF45 (ICAD). Shikonin treatment also resulted in down-regulation of the G1 cell cycle-related proteins and up-regulation of $p27^{KIP1}$. Taken together, our present findings demonstrate that shikonin strongly inhibits cell proliferation by modulating the expression of the G1 cell cycle-related proteins, and that it induces apoptosis via the proteasome, mitochondria, and caspase cascades in SCC25 cells.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.176-183
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• 2021

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) metastasis is characterized by distant metastasis and local recurrence. Combined chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil is routinely used to treat patients with OSCC, and the combined use of gefitinib with cytotoxic drugs has been reported to enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells in vitro. However, the development of drug resistance because of prolonged chemotherapy is inevitable, leading to a poor prognosis. Therefore, understanding alterations in signaling pathways and gene expression is crucial for overcoming the development of drug resistance. However, the altered characterization of Ca²⁺ signaling in drug-resistant OSCC cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigated alterations in intracellular Ca²⁺ ([Ca²⁺]_i) mobilization upon the development of gefitinib resistance in human tongue squamous carcinoma cell line (HSC)-3 and HSC-4 using ratiometric analysis. This study demonstrated the presence of altered epidermal growth factor- and purinergic agonist-mediated [Ca²⁺]_i mobilization in gefitinib-resistant OSCC cells. Moreover, Ca²⁺ content in the endoplasmic reticulum, store-operated calcium entry, and lysosomal Ca²⁺ release through the transient receptor potential mucolipin 1, were confirmed to be significantly reduced upon the development of apoptosis resistance. Consistent with [Ca²⁺]_i mobilization, we identified modified expression levels of Ca²⁺ signaling-related genes in gefitinib-resistant cells. Taken together, we propose that the regulation of [Ca²⁺]_i mobilization and related gene expression can be a new strategy to overcome drug resistance in patients with cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.315-322
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• 2003

Background : Important factors to determine treatment method and prognosis of oral cancer are anatomical site, tumor size, metastatic lesion, histologic cell differenciation and microvascular invasion. Anatomical site has great effect to oral cancer patient's survival rate because each site's accessibility and lymph node metastasis is different but this factor was't studied much than other factors. Patients and Methods : 228 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of common primary sites(Mandible, Maxilla, Floor of Mouth and Tongue) in oral cavity who were diagnosed in the Korea Cancer Center Hospital from January 1989 to December 1999, were clinically studied and analyzed on survival rate. Results : 1. Survival rates of each anatomical sites were Tongue(36.8%), Mandible(33.3%), Maxilla(28.7%) and Floor of Mouth(24.5%). Survival rates difference between Tongue and Floor of Mouth has significance(p<0.05). 2. Survival rates for early cancer of each site were Maxilla(100%), Mandible(57.1%), Tongue(54.2%) and Floor of Mouth(46.7%). Survival rates difference between Maxilla and Floor of Mouth has significance(p<0.05). 3. Survival rates by surgery method of each site were Maxilla(60.6%), Tongue(56.9%), Mandible(44.8%) and Floor of Mouth(26.3%). Survival rates difference between Maxilla and Floor of Mouth has significance(p<0.05). 4. Survival rates by radiation or chemo method of each site were Floor of Mouth(23.5%), Mandible(20.0%), Maxilla(9.5%), and Tongue(9.1%). Survival rates difference between each site doesn't have significance(p>0.05). 5. In advance stage, Survival rates by single therapy of each site were Tongue(33.6%), Mandible(23.5%), Floor of Mouth(16.7%), Maxilla(0%), and Survival rates difference between Maxilla and Tongue has significance (p<0.05). Survival rates by combination therapy of each site were Mandible(38.1%), Maxilla(30.0%), Floor of mouth(18.2%), Tongue(12.5%), and Survival rates difference between Mandible and Tongue has significance(p<0.05). Conclusion : Survival rate of tongue is higher than the other sites, early detection of oral cancer can increase survival rate at any site and combination therapy is the most effetive method, especially at maxilla.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.249-258
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• 2022

The specific muscular structure of the tongue greatly affects margin shrinkage and tumor invasion, making the optimal surgical margin controversial. This study investigated surgical margin correlated prognosis of TSCC (tongue squamous cell carcinoma) according to margin location and its value, and the histopathologic factors which are suggestive of tumor invasion. And we would like to propose defining of the surgical margin for TSCC via prognosis according to location and margin values. We reviewed 45 patients diagnosed with TSCC who visited Seoul National University Dental Hospital (SNUDH) (Seoul, Republic of Korea) from 2010 to 2019, who were managed by a single surgical team. Patient clinical and pathological data of patients were retrospectively reviewed, and in 36 out of 45 patients, the pathologic parameters including the worst pattern of invasion (WPOI) and tumor budding were investigated via diagnostic histopathology slide reading. When standardized with as 0.25 cm anterior margins, as 0.35 cm deep margin, there was no significant difference in disease specific survival (DSS) or loco-regional recurrence-free survival (LRFS). Additionally, there was a non-significant difference in DSS and LRFS at the nearest margin of 0.35 cm (P_DSS=0.276, P_LRFS=0.162). Aggressive WPOI and high tumor budding showed lower survival and recurrence-free survival, and there were significant differences in close margin and involved margin frequencies. In TSCC, the value and location of the surgical margin did not have a significant relationship with prognosis, but WPOI and tumor budding suggesting the pattern of muscle invasion affected survival and recurrence-free survival. WPOI and tumor budding should be considered when setting an optimal surgical margin.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.5.1-5.11
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• 2021

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most frequent type of head and neck cancer that usually arises from the mucosal surfaces of several organs including nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, tongue, pharynx, and larynx. The Wnt signaling pathway is a crucial mechanism for cellular maintenance and development. It regulates cell cycle progression, apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Dysregulation of this pathway correlates with oncogenesis in various tissues including breast, colon, pancreatic as well as head and neck cancers. The present study aims to assess the gene alterations in the Wnt family of genes so as to derive an association with HNSCC. Computational approaches have been utilized for the identification of gene alterations in the Wnt family of genes. Several databases such as cBioportal, STRING, and UALCAN were used for the purpose. The frequency of alteration was high in case of Wnt family member 11 (5%). Gene amplification, deep deletions, missense and truncating mutations were observed in HNSCC patients. There was a marked difference in the gene expression profile of WNT11 between grades as well as normal samples. The survival probability measured using the Kaplan-Meier curve also presented with a significant difference among male and female subjects experiencing a low/medium level expression. The female patients showed less survival probability when compared to the male subjects. This provides the prognostic significance of the WNT11 gene in HNSCC. Taken together, the present study provides clues on the possible association of WNT11 gene alterations with HNSCC, which has to be further validated using experimental approaches.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.601-608
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to examine the apoptotic effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A(PEA) in squamous cell carcinoma(SCC) 25 cells. Methods : Cell growth reduction and apoptosis induced by PEA were confirmed by WST-1 assay, Hoechst 33258 staining, flow cytometry analysis, and Western blot assay. Results : The PEA treatment decreased the cell viability in a dose and time dependent manner: control; $100{\pm}0^e$(p<0.01), 0.1875 nM; $87{\pm}4.36^d$(p<0.01), 0.375 nM; $82{\pm}0.58^d$(p<0.01), 0.75 nM; $72{\pm}1.67^c$(p<0.01), 1.5 nM; $51{\pm}1.53^{bc}$(p<0.01), 7.5 nM; $31{\pm}1.20^{ab}$(p<0.01), 15 nM; $26{\pm}0.67^a$(p<0.01), control; $100{\pm}0^a$(p<0.05), 24 h; $51{\pm}1.53^b$(p<0.05), 48 h; $16{\pm}0.5^c$(p<0.05), 72 h; $12{\pm}1.67^d$%(p<0.05). The PEA was observed on SCC 25 cells with the half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50) value of 1.5 nM at 24 hours. The PEA treated SCC 25 cells demonstrated several types of apoptotic indications, such as nuclear condensation, the increase of sub G1, and the cleavage of PARP-1 and DFF 45. Conclusions : PEA showed anti-cancer activity against SCC 25 cells via apoptosis. PEA may potentially contribute to human oral cancer treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.548-553
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• 2007

Several investigators have shown that human papillomavirus(HPV) appear to play an etiologic role in oral and paranasal sinus carcinoma. It was known that 15-25% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(SCC) showed HPV-positive infection. Among them, HPV 16 was the most common type but HPV 18 was observed only 2-4% of HPV-positive head and neck cancers. In recent, we treated uncommon 2 oral SCC cases that associated with HPV infection. One is a case of tongue SCC after bone marrow transplantation(BMT), and the other is a case of SCC occurring with aspergillosis in the maxillary sinus. After surgery, HPV 16 and 18 were detected in the surgical specimens by the histological and polymerase chain reaction(PCR) examination. In this report, we present these cases with a review of literature.