• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.81-86
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• 2012

We developed a reassortant RNA virus vector derived from $Cucumber$ $mosaic$ $virus$ (CMV), which has advantages of very wide host range and can efficiently induce gene silencing in a few model plants. Certain CMV isolates, however, show limited host ranges presumably because they naturally co-evolved with their own hosts. We used a reassortant comprised of two strains of CMV, Y-CMV and Gn-CMV, to broaden the host range and to develop a virus vector for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Gn-CMV could infect chili pepper and tomato more efficiently than Y-CMV. Gn-CMV RNA1, 3 and Y-CMV RNA2-A1 vector were newly reconstructed, and the transcript mixture of RNA1 and 3 genomes of Gn-CMV and RNA2 genome of Y-CMV RNA2 containing portions of the endogenous phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene (CMV2A1::PDSs) was inoculated onto chili pepper (cv. Chung-yang), tomato (cvs. Bloody butcher, Tigerella, Silvery fir tree, and Czech bush) and $Nicotiana$ $benthamiana$. All the tested plants infected by the reassortant CMV vector showed typical photo-bleaching phenotypes and reduced expression levels of $PDS$ mRNA. These results suggest that the reassortant CMV vector would be a useful tool for the rapid induction of the RNA silencing of endogenous genes in chili pepper and tomato plants.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.228-231
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• 2005

Recent characterization of several genes involved in plant defense responses suggested that ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation has a role in these responses. We isolated two cDNAs (NtUBA1 and NtUBA2) encoding ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) from Nicotiana tabacum cv. BY-2. The open reading frames of both encoded 1080 amino acids, corresponding to molecular masses of 120 kDa. The E1s and corresponding transcripts were upregulated by infection with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), and to a lesser extent by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Furthermore, they were also upregulated by wounding stress, and the plant hormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and the ethylene precursor, aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Our findings support the idea that the ubiquitin-proteasome system plays a role in plant disease defenses.

• 식물병연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.277-289
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• 2012

농업인 등 농업현장에서 임상진단을 요청한 시료 수는 2007년부터 5년간 총 2,992건이었으며, 바이러스를 검정한 샘플 수는 13,325개이었다. 연도별 검출된 바이러스 종류는 2007년 21종, 2008년 15종, 2009년 23종, 2010년 21종, 2011년 17종이었다. 5년 동안에 우리나라에서 처음 검정된 바이러스는 2007년에는 TbLCV, 2008년에는 TYLCV, 2009년에는 INSV, RaMV, 2010년에는 BWYV이었다. 2007년부터 5년간 총 발생한 바이러스 종류는 알파파모자이크바이러스(Alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV) 등 총 40종이었다. 임상진단 요청 시료에서 가장 감염율이 높은 상위 10종의 바이러스는 CMV, TSWV, TYLCV, CGMMV, BBWV2, ZYMV, MNSV, PMMoV, WMV, PepMoV이었다. 농업현장에서 임상진단 요청한 작물의 종류는 총 53종이었으며, 상위 10위의 작물 종류는 고추, 토마토, 파프리카, 수박, 멜론, 벼, 오이, 옥수수, 무, 박이었으며, 상위 10개 작물과 20개 작물의 전체 임상진단 요청률은 각각 81.6%와 94.2%이었다. 고추에 감염된 바이러스는 BBWV2 등 8종이었으며, 검정한 샘플 가운데 바이러스가 검출된 비율은 CMV 24.6%, PMMoV 18.9%, TSWV 14.7%이었다. 2종 바이러스 복합감염 형태는 평균 감염률 14.7%의 BBWV2+CMV 등 7가지, 3종 바이러스 복합감염 형태는 평균 감염률 0.9%의 BBWV2+CMV+PepMoV 등 4가지이었다. 토마토에서 검출된 바이러스 종류는 CMV 등 6종이었으며 검정한 샘플 중 바이러스가 검출된 비율은 TYLCV 50.6%, TSWV 14.5%, TbLCV 10.9%이었다. 복합감염형태와 감염률은 CMV+TSWV 3.9%, ToMV+TYLCV 0.4%이었다. 수박에 감염된 바이러스는 CMV 등 5종이었으며 평균 검출 비율은 MNSV 37.0%, CGMMV 20.4%, ZYMV 18.1%, WMV 17.8%이었다. 수박 바이러스의 복합감염 형태와 검출비율은 CMV+MNSV 0.7%, WMV+ZYMV 5.0%이었다. 멜론에서 검출된 감염된 바이러스는 CMV 등 3종이었고 평균 검출비율은 MNSV 77.6%, CMV 5.6%, WMV 3.3%이었다. 복합감염은 CMV+ MNSV로 평균 검출비율은 13.5%이었다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2003

남해지역의 원원종 종서 생산 포장에서 '추백' 품종에 나타난 엽맥투명 및 매우 약한 모자이크 증상을 나타내는 감자 잎에서 담배 모자이크 바이러스(TMV)를 분리하였다. 이 바이러스((TMV-St))는 생물학적, 혈청학적 유연관계 및 외피단백질의 염기서열 등을 통해 기존에 보고된 다른 tobamovires와 비교하였다. TMV-St는 5개의 지표식물 반응에서 토마토, 고추, 가지 등과 같은 가지과 작물에 경제적 피해를 주고 있는 TMV-U1, Pepper mild mottle virus(PMMoV) 및 Tomato mosaic virus(ToMV)와는 다른 기주 반응을 보였다. 특히 즙액접종에 의한 기주의 반응은 C.murale 접종엽과 상엽 모두에서 퇴록반점을 보였으며, C. murale, G. globosa, N.rustica 그리고 N. tabacum ce. Samsun nn 등 4가지 지표식물로 이들 바이러스 계통을 구분할 수 있었다. 혈청학적 검정에서 TMV-St는 TMV-U1, PMMoV 그리고 ToMV와의 반응에서 도두 뚜렷한 침강선을 형성하였다. TMV-St의 외피단백질은 477개의 염기서열로 되어 있으며, 이는 TMV-U1의 염기서열과 매우 유사하였다.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.336-344
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• 2011

Using the abundant available information about the tomato genome, we developed DNA markers that are linked to disease resistant loci and performed marker-assisted selection (MAS) to construct multi-disease resistant lines and varieties. Resistance markers of Ty-1, T2, and I2, which are linked to disease resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), and Fusarium wilt, respectively, were developed in a co-dominant fashion. DNA sequences near the resistance loci of TYLCV, ToMV, and Fusarium wilt were used for primer design. Reported candidate markers for powdery mildew-resistance were screened and the 32.5Cla marker was selected. All four markers (Ty-1, T2, I2, and 32.5Cla) were converted to cleavage amplification polymorphisms (CAPS) markers. Then, the CAPS markers were applied to 96 tomato lines to determine the phenetic relationships among the lines. This information yielded clusters of breeding lines illustrating the distribution of resistant and susceptible characters among lines. These data were utilized further in a MAS program for several generations, and a total of ten varieties and ten inbred lines were constructed. Among four traits, three were introduced to develop varieties and breeding lines through the MAS program; several cultivars possessed up to seven disease resistant traits. These resistant trait-related markers that were developed for the tomato MAS program could be used to select early stage seedlings, saving time and cost, and to construct multi-disease resistant lines and varieties.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.361-366
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• 1995

A virus was isolated from petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm.) plants showing chlorotic ring spots on the leaves and color breaking on the flowers, and was identified as petunia asteroid mosaic virus (PAMV). Identification of the PAMV was established by host range test, electron microscopy, serological reaction, and physical properties of the virus. In the host range test, Nicotiana glutinosa, N. rustica, N. clevelandii, P. hybrida, Gomphrena globosa, and Chenopodium amaranticolor were systemically infected with the virus. The virus produced local lesions on inoculated leaves of N. tabacum‘Samsun’, N. tabacum‘Xanthi nc’, Datura stramonium, Vigna unguiculata‘White eye’, C. quinoa, Capsicum annuum, Vicia faba, and Lycopersicon esculentum‘Rutgers’. However, Cucurbita sativus and C. moschata did not show any symptoms. PAMV particles were isometric with 30 nm in diameter. The crude sap from G. globosa infected with the virus reacted positively with antiserum to tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) in agar gel double diffusion test. Thermal inactivation point of the virus was 8$0^{\circ}C$ and the virus retained its infectivity at the dilution of 10-4. Longevity in vitro of the virus was estimated longer than 35 days.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.538-542
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• 2019

In 2017, two new tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) isolates were collected from greenhouses in Buyeo, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea. Full-length cDNAs of the new ToMV isolates were cloned into dual cauliflower mosaic virus 35S and T7 promoter-driven vectors, sequenced and their pathogenicities investigated. The nucleotide sequences of isolates GW1 (MH507165) and GW2 (MH507166) were 99% identical, resulting in only two amino acid differences in nonconserved region II and the helicase domain, Ile668Thr and Val834Ile. The two isolates were most closely related to a ToMV isolate from Taiwan (KJ207374). Isolate GW1 (Ile668, Val834) induced a systemic hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana compared with the isolate GW2, which a single residue substitution showed was due to Val834.

• 식물병연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.84-90
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• 2021

2019년 6월 충남 논산의 당귀 재배 농가에서 원형반점, 괴사반점, 황화, 모자이크 등의 증상을 보이는 당귀잎을 채집하였고, 이들 시료에 대한 바이러스 감염 여부를 확인하기 위하여 전자현미경 검경과 감염우려가 있는 바이러스 3종(cucumber mosaic virus, broad bean wilt virus 2, tomato spotted wilt virus [TSWV])에 대해 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction 진단을 수행한 결과 TSWV에 대해 양성반응을 보였다. 당귀 TSWV의 생물학적 특성을 구명하기 위해 순수분리하여 5과 28종의 지표식물과 일당귀에 즙액접종하여 기주범위와 병원성을 확인하였다. TSWV의 3 segment (L, M, S)의 전체 염기서열을 결정하고 기존에 보고된 TSWV 분리주와 계통분석을 한 결과, 당귀 TSWV 분리주(NS-AG-28)는 논산지역의 머위 분리주(TSWV-NS-BB20)와 가장 유사한 것으로 나타났다. TSWV는 넓은 기주범위를 가지고 있고 특히 고추, 토마토 등 가지과 작물에 큰 피해를 주고 있기 때문에, 당귀가 TSWV의 중간기주로서 작용하지 않도록 주의하고, 당귀의 바이러스병 피해를 예방하기 위하여 지속적인 모니터링이 요구된다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.152-158
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• 2008

A peculiar virus-like disease of tomato showing yellow mosaic and necrotic spots on leaves and necrosis on veins, petioles and stems was observed at the Tomato Experimental Station (TES), Buyeo, Chungcheongnamdo, Korea. The disease incidence at TES fields ranged from 21 to 35% infecting different tomato cultivars. For this reason, to identify the virus infecting tomato and to characterize the virus based on biology, serology, cytology and at molecular level. Here, leaf samples were randomly collected from different infected tomato cultivars at TES fields and greenhouses and tested by ELISA using Pepper mottle virus (PePMoV) and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) antisera. Infected saps were mechanically inoculated in different host plants to test for pathogenicity, symptomatology and host ranges. Infected tissues and ultrathin sections were examined by electron microscopy. Finally, putative coat protein and 3'-untranslated region (CP/3'-UTR) fragment was amplified and cloned for sequence determination and analyzed its genetic relationship to existing PepMoV and PVY sequences at the Genbank. Results showed 69% of the samples were positive with PepMoV, 13% with ToMV and 19 % were doubly infected with PepMoV and ToMV. Symptoms greatly varied from different host plants inoculated with tomato leaf sap infected with PepMoV alone and discussed in detailed in this paper. Electron microscopy from infected tissues showed filamentous particles of 720-750nm in length, a typical morphology and size of PepMoV. In addition, cylindrical inclusion bodies, pinwheels, scrolls and laminates with masses of fibrillar inclusions were also found in ultrathin sections. Alignment of the sequences of the CP/3'-UTR revealed >96% sequence identity with PepMoV and only <61% with PVY. Taken together, all these evidences presented clearly indicated that the causal agent infecting tomato at TES was PepMoV and we designated this PepMoV infecting tomato as Tom-sd2 strain in this study.

• 식물병연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2007

전국 52개 지역에서 2002년, 2004년에서 2006년, 4년 간 고추 바이러스 이병물을 채집하여 바이러스 감염양상을 조사하였다. 감염된 바이러스 종류는 Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV), Pepper mottle virus(PepMoV), Pepper mild mottle virus(PMMoV), Broad bean wilt virus 2(BBWV2), Tobacco mild green mosaic virus(TMGMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus(TSWV) 6종이었다. CMV, PepMoV PMMoV와 BBWV2의 발생률은 각각 29.4%, 13.6%, 14.3%, 25.6%이었다. TMGMV와 TSWV의 발생률은 1.0%로 매우 낮았다. 2002년과 2004년의 CMV 발생률은 53.3%와 34.2%로 가장 높았으나 2005년과 2006년에는 18.2%와 11.9%로 감소하였다. BBWV2의 발생률은 2002년에 1.3%, 2004년에 1.8%로 낮았으나, 2005년에 41.3%, 2006년에 58.2%로 크게 증가하였다. CMV+BBWV2의 발생률은 2002년에 0.0%, 2004년에 2.1%이었으나 2005년과 2006년에 각각 33.3%와 83.2% 증가하여 BBWV2의 단독감염과 함께 복합감염에서도 급격히 증가하였고 CMV+BBWV2+PepMoV의 삼중 복합감염률은 평균 6.4%이었다. CMV는 고추 잎에 심한 모자이크병징, BBWV2는 원형반점 병징을 일으키며, CMV와 BBWV2의 복합감염 경우에는 퇴록병징을 일으켰다. TSWV는 고추 잎과 과일에 전형적인 다중 원형반점을 일으켰다.