• 한국기계기술학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.941-946
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• 2018

Currently, due to the development of technology, the industry is proceeding with the development of advanced materials with high performance such as light weight, heat resistance and electric conductivity. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) is an excellent material with high heat resistance, high strength and thermal shock resistance. In order to obtain excellent hole shape in CFRP drilling, we compared the modified drill shape and the conventional carbide drill. On the other hand, we determine the proper helix angle by observing the CFRP surface according to the helix angle at the trimming of the end mill proceeding after the hole machining.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2013

PURPOSES : This research investigates traffic noise characteristics as change the transverse rumble strips shape from rectangular to cylinder at toll plaza of highway. METHODS : The traffic noise was investigated at two different places at toll plaza of highway. One is modified grooving, another is employed cylinder shape of TRS instead of rectangular shape of TRS. A measurement of traffic noise was conducted at same location and time period. The traffic volume information was gotten from office of highway office and vehicle speed was measured by speed measuring device. The traffic noise measurement was conducted from 13:00 to 23:00 and by pass-by method. Also, the traffic noise was measured behind noise barrier. Various distance from noise barrier(7.5m, 30m, 50m) and different heights(1.2m, 3m, and 5m) were parameter for measurement of traffic noise in this study. RESULTS : The class 1 vehicle was contributed from traffic volume which was increased 1,500. However, the distribution of traffic speed didn't change compare to previous investigated period. From this study, It was found that the external traffic noise was changed as function of geometric shape of TRS. The external noise from modified grooving was less than 1.2dB(A) of the current TRS. A difference of traffic noise was 20dB(A) before and after barrier. It came from a noise barrier effect as reduction of traffic noise. According to investigate a traffic noise distribution near barrier, there is similar noise characteristic as function of height at 7.5m distance from noise barrier. Also, There is no different traffic noise between 30m and 50m from source of the noise of sound barrier. CONCLUSIONS : Based on this traffic noise investigation result, there is a clear characteristic difference as changed TRS shape. The traffic noise was reduced by changed TRS shape. Specially, traffic noise was decreased although the traffic volume was increase for same investigation time and period. It is implied that cylinder type of TRS significantly reduces the traffic noise. The specification of various TRS will be studied in the future.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2007

Invading pathogens are recognized by diverse germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) which are distributed in three different cellular compartments: extracellular, membrane, and cytoplasmic. In mammals, the major extracellular PRRs such as complements may first encounter the invading pathogens and opsonize them for clearance by phagocytosis which is mediated by membrane-associated phagocytic receptors including complement receptors. The major membrane-associated PRRs, Toll-like receptors, recognize diverse pathogens and generate inflammatory signals to coordinate innate immune responses and shape adaptive immune responses. Furthemore, certain membrane-associated PRRs such as Dectin-1 can mediate phagocytosis and also induce inflammatory response. When these more forefront detection systems are avoided by the pathogens, cytoplasmic PRRs may play major roles. Cytoplasmic caspase-recruiting domain (CARD) helicases such as retinoic acid-inducible protein I (RIG-I)/melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), mediate antiviral immunity by inducing the production of type I interferons. Certain members of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors such as NALP3 present in the cytosol form inflammasomes to induce inflammatory responses upon ligand recognition. Thus, diverse families of PRRs coordinately mediate immune responses against diverse types of pathogens.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.187-200
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• 2014

Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are the most common cause of genital ulceration in humans worldwide. Typically, HSV-1 and 2 infections via mucosal route result in a lifelong latent infection after peripheral replication in mucosal tissues, thereby providing potential transmission to neighbor hosts in response to reactivation. To break the transmission cycle, immunoprophylactics and therapeutic strategies must be focused on prevention of infection or reduction of infectivity at mucosal sites. Currently, our understanding of the immune responses against mucosal infection of HSV remains intricate and involves a balance between innate signaling pathways and the adaptive immune responses. Numerous studies have demonstrated that HSV mucosal infection induces type I interferons (IFN) via recognition of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and activates multiple immune cell populations, including NK cells, conventional dendritic cells (DCs), and plasmacytoid DCs. This innate immune response is required not only for the early control of viral replication at mucosal sites, but also for establishing adaptive immune responses against HSV antigens. Although the contribution of humoral immune response is controversial, $CD4^+$ Th1 T cells producing IFN-${\gamma}$ are believed to play an important role in eradicating virus from the hosts. In addition, the recent experimental successes of immunoprophylactic and therapeutic compounds that enhance resistance and/or reduce viral burden at mucosal sites have accumulated. This review focuses on attempts to modulate innate and adaptive immunity against HSV mucosal infection for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. Notably, cells involved in innate immune regulations appear to shape adaptive immune responses. Thus, we summarized the current evidence of various immune mediators in response to mucosal HSV infection, focusing on the importance of innate immune responses.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.2225-2233
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• 1994

In order to improve the cutting ability of face mill, a model for optimal cutter shape was developed to minimize resultant cutting force by combing cutting force model and optimal technique. Wear test and surface roughness test for optimized and conventional cutter were performed. The new optimized cutter shows longer tool life of 2.29 times than conventional cutter in light cutting condition and 2.52 times in heavy cutting condition. The surface roughness of workpiece by optimized cutter is improved in heavy cutting condition, but deteriorated in light cutting condition in comparison with conventional cutter. The surface profiles of workpiece were analyzed by Fourier transformation. The distribution of cut lay left on workpiece by optimized cutter is more regular than that by the conventional cutter.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.53-64
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• 1994

Rouge cutting process takes the major portion of machining operation using NC milling machine. Especially, most of the machining time is spent in this process when molds are machined. Therefore, an efficient algorithm for generating the tool path for rough cutting is suggested in this paper. The first step of the procedure is getting the volume to be machined by applying the Boolean operation on the finished model and the workpiece which have been modeling system. Basic principle of determining machining procedure is that a large tool should be used at the portion of the simple shape while a small tool should be used at the complex portion. This principle is realized by representing the volume to be machined by an octree, which is basically a set of hexahedrons, and matching the proper tools with the given octants. When the tools are matched with the octants, the tool path can be derived at the same time.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.153-158
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• 2019

이 연구의 목적은 3D 프린팅 기술로 만든 맞춤형 소지, 본인의 실제 소지 및 보조기 업체 석고 양성 소지를 이용하여 세 종류의 소지의 형상 차이를 CT와 3D 스캐너로 횡단면 넓이와 부피를 분산 분석하였다. PASC Progrm으로 실제 거리를 측정하는 (Caliper Toll) 기능을 이용하여 15.69 mm지점(Distal Interphalangel Joints(DIP))의 넓이를 각각 30회씩 측정하였고, 부피(Volume)에서 Meshmixer Program의 Configure Units을 이용하였다. 세 종류의 소지 횡단면 넓이에서는 유의한 차이를 볼 수가 없었고, 부피(Volume)에서 0.2 mm의 차이가 있었지만, 유의 수준보다 크게 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 의료분야에서 3D 프린팅 기술을 활용한 맞춤형 보조기 제작에 활성화될 것으로 보여준다.

• 전자공학회논문지S
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• 제36S권2호
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• pp.38-45
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• 1999

본 논문에서는, $H_{\infty}-LTR$ 설계의 새로운 접근방법을 제시한다. 제시된 방법은 제어입력의 크기 및 회복오차의 적절한 가중을 조절할 수 있는 설계도구를 제공한다. 1단계에서, 요구되는 성능사양에 만족하도록 루프를 정형하기 위하여 Kalman 필터를 설계하고, 설계된 Kalman 필터는 플랜트의 전달함수와 함께 목표전달함수(target transfor function)로 사용된다. 2단계에서는 목표전달함수로 회복을 위하여 감도함수를 가중함수로 상요한 준 최적 $H_{\infty}_LTR$을 설계한다. 시뮬레이션을 통하여 LQG/LTR, $H_{\infty}-LTR$ 방법의 경과를 비교함으로써 제시된 $H_{\}-LTR$의 우수성을 보인다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2010

교량은 도로나 철도 네트워크를 구성하는 중요한 사회기반시설로 부재의 파손으로 인한 보수, 보강, 교체에 따른 교통통제나 갑작스런 붕괴 등이 발생할 경우 사회경제적으로 커다란 손실과 인명사상을 유발하기 때문에 일정한 안전수준 이상으로 관리되어야 한다. 사용연수의 증가에 따라 열화 손상되거나, 사고, 천재지변 등으로 인해 문제가 발생한 교량의 성능을 회복시키기 위하여 다양한 보강 공법들이 연구되고 있다. 그러나 어떤 공법을 사용하는 것이 합리적인가에 대한 판단기준 없이 의사결정을 수행하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 개략 설계된 여러 보강대안 중 최적 보강공법을 선정하는 문제를 해결하기 위해, 의사결정인자를 도출하고 불확실성을 고려한 정량적 평가 및 의사결정방법을 제안하였으며, 이를 간략한 예제에 적용하여 개발된 모델의 합리성 및 적용성을 검토하였다. 본 연구에서 제안된 방법론은 불확실성이 존재하는 대안들 가운데 최적의 대안을 선택하는 분야에 응용하여 적용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.