• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.109-124
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to identify how child's gender, temperament, mother's stress and their interactions predict parenting behavior. The subjects were 97 2-year-olds(47boys; 50girls) and their mothers. Data were gathered by questionnaires. Results of a series of hierarchical regression analyses showed combinations of variables that predicted parenting behaviors : (1) mothers reported higher over-protectiveness toward girls and when they were under higher stress. (2) An interaction effect showed that mothers with sons who had higher 'difficult' temperaments reported greater over-protective parenting under greater stress. (3) There were no significant differences in over-protective parenting under low stress, regardless of the level of difficult temperament. (4) Mother's stress was a strong predictor of supportive parenting behaviors.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.795-807
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• 2002

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to develop a community-based nursing center model that can provide health promotion for infants and toddlers as well as a research and practice site for nursing faculty and students. Methods: Review of current health care system and health promotion programs, and workshops with brain-storming were carried out to identify needy areas of services to be provided by the nursing center. Finally, the community nursing center model was developed through expert consultation and filed visits. Results: The services and programs were developed for infants and toddlers residing in Seoul area. These services and programs include growth and developmental screening, environment and health problem assessment, infant stimulation and parent education, and self-help group. Full-time and part-time staff nurses and nurse practitioners will provide those services and offer home visiting if needed. Database system, health information system, and trainers' training programs were developed as well. Conclusion: The nursing center model developed in this study will ensure clients direct access to nursing care and increase of autonomy and accountability of nursing practices. The nursing center model focused on disease prevention and health promotion will enhance the quality of life of the infants, toddlers and their families as well as to decrease national health care expenditure.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.234-243
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• 2003

The researcher has studied the types of accidents and injuries that most often occur to infants, toddlers and preschool children. Using this knowledge, a first aid program was developed for mothers. This researcher used a Quasi experimental study which consisted of a nonequivalent control group pretest - posttest design for injury first-aid knowle. The experimental group consisted of 32 mothers, and the control group consisted of 29. The education program consisted of the types of injury, the structure and function of skin, the methods of obsevation, first-aid awareness, and the standard of professional support in case of contusion, abrasion, laceration, fracture and burn. The education program was developed and based on 'the systemetic design of instruction' by Dick & Carey(1996) and utilized multimedia text book, pictures, examples, practice and discussions to increase understanding and effectiveness of learning. The data for this study was collected from September to early November, 2001. There were two fomative evauations, pretest and posttest with an intervention of education program. The analysis of the collected data was analyzed by descriptive analysis, ANOVA, t-test and paired t-test using the SPSS 10.0 program. The results as follows; 1. The experimental group, who was given an education program before the test, got higher marks on the injury first-aid knowledge than the control group. There was a significant difference in knowledge between experimental group and control group(t=6.578, p=.000). 2. The experimental group got higher marks on the action evaluation than the control group. There were significant differences in the certainity of action (t=8.546, p=.000) and the accuracy of action (t=7.654, p=.000) between experimental group and control group. This study examined how a first aid education program increased effectiveness in the knowledge and action of injury first-aid.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.10
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• pp.421-424
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• 2016

Recurrent macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is very rare. We present the case of an adolescent boy with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B27-positive ankylosing spondylitis (AS), who experienced episodes of recurrent MAS since he was a toddler. A 16-year-old boy was admitted because of remittent fever with pancytopenia and splenomegaly after surgical intervention for an intractable perianal abscess. He had been diagnosed with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) 4 different times, which was well controlled with intravenous immunoglobulin and steroids since the age of 3. We were unable to identify the cause for the HLH. He remained symptom-free until the development of back pain and right ankle joint pain with swelling at 15 years of age. He was diagnosed with HLA B27-positive AS with bilateral active sacroiliitis. He showed symptom aggravation despite taking naproxen and methotrexate, and the symptoms improved with etanercept. On admission, his laboratory data showed leukopenia with high ferritin and triglyceride levels. Bone marrow biopsy examination showed histiocytic hyperplasia with hemophagocytosis. There was no evidence of infection. He received naproxen alone, and his symptoms and laboratory data improved without any other immunomodulatory medications. Genetic study revealed no primary HLH or inflammasome abnormalities. In this case, underlying autoimmune disease should have been considered as the cause of recurrent MAS in the young patient once primary HLH was excluded.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.178-185
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• 2018

Purpose: We aim to assess the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition (Bayley-III), Adaptive Behavior (AB) and Social-Emotional (SE) scales at 18 to 24 months of corrected age (CA) to examine their associations with school-age cognitive and behavioral outcomes in children born preterm. Methods: Eighty-eight infants born with a very low birth weight (<1,500 g) or a gestational age of less than 32 weeks who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from 2008 to 2009 were included. Of the 88 children who completed school-age tests at 6 to 8 years of age, 37 were assessed using the Bayley-III, including the AB and SE scales, at 18 to 24 months of CA. Correlation, cross-tabulation, and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to assess the longitudinal associations. Results: A significant association was observed between communication scores on the Bayley-III AB scale at 18 to 24 months of CA and the Korean version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (K-WISC) full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) at school age (r=0.531). The total behavior problem scores of the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) at school age were significantly negatively related to the Bayley-III SE and AB scales but not to the cognitive, language, or motor scales. Conclusion: Our findings encourage AB and SE assessments during the toddler stage and have important implications for the early identification of children in need of intervention and the establishment of guidelines for follow-up with high-risk infants.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.103-121
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to explore Korean mothers' beliefs regarding their toddlers' temperament, including what they believe constitutes desirable and undesirable behavior, and their resulting reactions. Data were collected int the process of interviewing 50 Korean mothers of toddlers (whose average age was 34.1 Months, and of which 54% were boys). Results revealed that mothers considered 'High-Sociality', 'Positive Affect' and 'High-Effortful Control' as desirable temperaments, whereas 'Negative Affect', 'Under-Effortful Control' and 'Low Sociality' were considered to be undesirable temperaments for toddlers. Mothers cited the importance of child 'Sociality' and 'Development', 'Easiness of Parenting' and 'Child Happiness' as the reasons for their beliefs. While, they considered 'Negative Affect', 'Under-Effortful Control' and 'Low Sociality' to be undesirable temperaments, citing 'Sociality', 'Difficulty of Parenting', 'Development' and 'Child Safety' as the reasons. Finally, mothers were more likely to give verbal encouragement or physical encouragement such as hugging, in responding to desirable behavior on the part of their child, whereas they were more likely to give firm inhibition, reasoning or inconsistent reaction to their child's undesirable behavior. Many of the mothers' beliefs varied depending on the child's gender. Results were discussed in relation to cultural perspectives.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.159-176
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• 2014

This study aims to examine the suggestions by studies that family predictors are related to developmental outcomes more strongly for children reared principally by their parents compared to those with extensive child care experience. Zero-order correlations between family predictors and developmental outcomes were conducted and the significance of differences in correlation coefficients between the two child care groups were examined. There was no evidence that there exist systematic differences between the two groups in predictive power of family factors except a few exceptions. At 2 years, social parenting style was more strongly associated with communication ability in the extensive child care group. At 3 years, some HOME subscales were related to a child's expressive and receptive vocabulary skills in significantly greater magnitudes in the mother care group. The findings also implied the potential contribution of child care environment on developmental outcomes for those who spend extensive hours in nonmaternal care.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.262-269
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a health education program for child care workers of infants, toddlers and preschoolers to improve their care ability. The program provided child care teachers and children with information on how to take care of their health. Method: This program development was based on a systematic design of instruction by Dick & Carey(1996). The process included a review of literature, setting an instructional goal, getting advice from various experts, designing instruction and instructional medias, designing formative evaluation, revising the program and making a summative evaluations. Result: The products of this program were the 'Teachers Guide Book & CD-ROM.' The guide book included health education programs for infants, toddlers and preschoolers. The infant program included a basic baby care program for teachers. The toddlers and preschoolers program included basic health promotion, dental health, nutrition management, communicable disease prevention, substance abuse prevention and a safety program. Conclusion: These programs provided a systematic content of health education for children and their teachers, and useful data which can be applied to child care centers.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.19-39
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• 2004

Mothers of 58 20-month-olds in Seoul, the Republic of Korea, completed vocabulary checklists for their children. When vocabulary level was taken into account, children's vocabularies contained relatively greater proportions of nouns than other word classes, and more verbs than adjectives or closed-class words. Correlations among word classes showed that each word class was consistently positively correlated with every other class. Girls' vocabularies showed evidence of being larger than boys. Large individual differences in the sizes of children's vocabularies were found. Factors that influence vocabulary size and can account for gender and individual differences are discussed. Noun prevalence in the vocabularies of children learning to speak Korean, and the merits of several theories that may account for this word-class prevalence pattern, are evaluated.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.47 no.9
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• pp.71-82
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of child gender and temperament, husbands’ support, and mothers’ psychological well-being on maternal parenting behaviors toward toddlers. Mothers of 214 toddlers responded to questionnaires on the following variables: child temperament, husbands’ support, psychological wellbeing and parenting behaviors. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that: 1) Children being negative emotionality linked with mothers’ high controlling and rejective parenting behaviors and low responsive parenting behaviors directly and indirectly via mothers’ psychological well-being; 2) Husbands’ support was linked with mothers’ low controlling and rejective behaviors through mothers’ high psychological well-being; 3) Mothers’ low psychological well-being was linked to high mothers’ controlling and rejective parenting. The results of this study underscore mothers’ psychological well-being and husbands’ parenting support in predicting mothers’positive parenting.