• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.11
• /
• pp.4601-4607
• /
• 2014

Red rice contains pharmacological substances including phenolics, oryzanol, tocotrienol and tocopherol. Recently, red rice extract has been employed as a source of antioxidants for inhibition of tumor growth. This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-invasion effects of red rice extract fractions on cancer cells. It was found that at $100{\mu}g/ml$ of crude ethanolic extract (CEE), hexane fraction (Hex) and dichloromethane fraction (DCM) could reduce HT1080 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell invasion. Hex and DCM revealed higher potency levels than CEE, whereas an ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc) had no effect. Gelatin zymography revealed that Hex decreased the secretion and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and-9). In contrast, the DCM fraction exhibited slightly effect on MMPs secretion and had no effect on MMPs activity. Collagenase activity was significantly inhibited by the Hex and DCM fractions. High amounts of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol and ${\gamma}$-tocotrienol were found in the Hex and DCM fractions and demonstrated an anti-invasion property. On the other hand, proanthocyanidin was detected only in the CEE fraction and reduced MDA-MB-231 cells invasion property. These observations suggest that proanthocyanidin, ${\gamma}$-oryzanol and ${\gamma}$-tocotrienol in the red rice fractions might be responsible for the anti invasion activity. The red rice extract may have a potential to serve as a food-derived chemotherapeutic agent for cancer patients.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2017.06a
• /
• pp.31-31
• /
• 2017

Understanding the mechanism(s) to overcome or prevent seed ageing deterioration during storage is of fundamental interest to seed physiologists. Vitamin E (tocols) is known as a key metabolite to efficiently scavenge lipid peroxy radicals which cause membrane breakdown resulting in seed ageing. However, in rice research this hypothesis has been tested for very few lines only without considering intraspecific variation in genomic structure. Here, we present a correlation study between tocols and seed longevity using a diverse rice panel. Seeds of 20 rice accessions held in the International Rice Genebank at the International Rice Research Institute, representing aus, indica, temperate japonica and tropical japonica subpopulations, were used for tocols analysis (quantification of ${\alpha}$-, ${\beta}$-, ${\gamma}$-, ${\delta}$-tocopherol/tocotrienol by ultra performance liquid chromatography) and storage experiments at $45^{\circ}C$ and 10.9% seed moisture content (sample taken for germination testing every 3 days up to 60 days). To examine interactions between DNA sequences and phenotype, the 700k high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism marker data-set was utilized. Both seed longevity (time for viability to fall to 50%; $p_{50}$) and tocols content varied across subpopulations due to heterogeneity in the genetic architecture. Among eight types of tocol homologues, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and ${\gamma}$-tocotrienol were significantly correlated with $p_{50}$ (negatively and positively, respectively). While temperate japonica varieties were most abundant in ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, indica varieties recorded 1.3 to 1.7-fold higher ${\gamma}$-tocotrienol than those of other subpopulations. It was highlighted that specific ratio of tocol homologues rather than total tocols content plays an important role in the seed longevity mechanism.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2007.11a
• /
• pp.233.1-233.1
• /
• 2007

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.177-180
• /
• 2007

Tocotrienols (T3) are minor plant constituents found abundantly in rice bran, which provide a significant source of vitamin E in animal feeds. T3 was reported to have an intrinsic hypocholesterolemic effect by inhibiting HMG-Co A reductase. It has similar antioxidative properties as tocopherols in food and biological system due to their similar chemical structures. However, the antioxidant activity and mechanism of T3 to scavenge free radicals and to inhibit the peroxidation of linoleic acid are less understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the scavenging effect of T3 on free radicals and its inhibition of peroxide formation. Free radical scavenging activity was monitored by the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method whereas inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation was evaluated using the thiocyanate method. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test was used to determine malonaldehyde formation from linoleic acid peroxidation. Free radical scavenging activity increased with increasing concentration levels of T3. T3 exhibited 38.2, 78.6, 92.7 and 96.2% radical scavenging activity at concentrations of 2, 8, 32 and 128 ppm, respectively. At 128 ppm, it was highly effective in inhibiting linoleic acid peroxidation. The activity of T3 evaluated by the thiocyanate method showed low absorbance values indicating a high level of antioxidant activity. All treatments showed similar trends in antioxidant activity when evaluated by both the thiocyanate method and TBA test.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.53 no.spc
• /
• pp.37-43
• /
• 2008

Recent consumption of germinated brown rice is increasing due to its health-beneficial effects. To clarify germination-dependent changes in functional compound contents, 5 different types of (ordinary, glutinous, green-kerneled, red-colored and black-colored) rices were selected and their pre- and post-germination content changes in vitamin E (${\alpha}-$, ${\beta}-$, ${\gamma}-tocopherols$ and ${\alpha}-$, ${\gamma}-$, ${\delta}-tocotrienols$), squalene, and phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol) were evaluated. In the case of vitamin E isomer contents, germination generally resulted in decreasing tendency around 10% in most isomers as well as in total tocopherol and tocotrienol contents in all types of rices. In the case of squalene, significant increase could be observed in glutinous rice (by 31%), while other types of rices exhibited no changes or slight reduction by germination. Regarding stigmasterol contents, all tested types of germinated brown rice exhibited significant increment by 19 to 27% compared to nongerminated cases, except for green colored-rice which showed statistically not significant 5% increment. No changes or slight reductions, however, could be observed in campesterol and sitosterol, as well as in total phytosterol contents. As a conclusion, most of tested pharmaceutical compounds exhibited statistically not significant changes except for stigmasterol which were increased by the germination process.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2004.04a
• /
• pp.122-123
• /
• 2004

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.663-672
• /
• 2013

To characterize the nutraceutical property of Italian millet (Setaria italica) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), ten Korean landraces of each crop were collected and their vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), squalene and phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol) contents as well as fatty acid composition in seeds were evaluated. Italian millet seeds exhibited 5 forms of vitamin E isomers: three (${\alpha}$-, ${\gamma}$- and ${\delta}$-) tocopherols and two (${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-) tocotrienols, while sorghum seeds showed only three forms of vitamin E isomers: ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol and ${\alpha}$-tocotrienol. In both crops, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol was the major constituent of vitamin E in terms of highest quantity. Total vitamin E content in Italian millet and sorghum landraces were 88.3 mg/kg and 44.3 mg/kg, respectively. Among three phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol) analyzed, ${\beta}$-sitosterol was the major form comprising about 85% and 65% in Italian millet and sorghum landraces, respectively. Total phytosterols content ranged from 443.0 to 568.5 mg/kg and 442.3 to 719.2 mg/kg in Italian millet and sorghum, respectively. Squalene, a precursor of phytosterols biosynthesis, ranged from 6.8 to 10.2 mg/kg in Italian millet and from 62.2 to 115.2 mg/kg in sorghum. Linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids were the major fatty acids in both of the crops and about 80% of the total fatty acids were unsaturated fatty acids. Among the tested landraces, M09 and S10 showed relatively higher proportion of phytonutrients, suggesting their potential as a gene source for further breeding program.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
• /
• 2003.10a
• /
• pp.226.2-227
• /
• 2003

The degree of milling is an important factor in terms of the nutritional value and the economic return of the milled rice. This study was to investigate the changes in compositions of the oils obtained from rice with different degree of milling. The content of total tocols in rice significantly (p＜0.05) decreased, as degree of milling increased. The relative ％ of -tocopherol in brown rice had lower than those in milled rices whereas the relative ％ of -tocotrienol, and -tocotrienol in brown rice higher than those in milled rices. -Oryzanol content significantly (P<0.05) decreased from 198.5 mg/kg rice for brown rice (0% milling) to 65.5 125.0 mg/kg rice for rice samples with 5.6, 8.0, and 9.6 ％ milling. -Sitosterol was most abundant sterol representing 50 ％ - 56% of the total sterol content in all analyzed samples. The content of total sterol as well as each sterol isomers in rice significantly (P<0.05) decreased, as degree of milling increased. A similar trend was observed in changes of octacosanol and squalene.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.34 no.7
• /
• pp.1064-1070
• /
• 2005

Tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of commonly consumed foods in Korea were determined by saponification or direct solvent extraction followed by normal phase liquid chromatography. All samples were locally obtained in the year of 2002 and 2003. The study included 13 meats, 15 fishes and shellfishes, 4 seaweeds, 7 mushrooms, 19 milk and milk products, 6 legumes, 12 nuts, 17 processed foods and 17 Korean traditional foods. All of the vitamin E isomers were quantitated and the results were expressed as $\alpha-tocopherol$ equivalent $(\alpha-TE)$. The relatively higher amount of vitamin E was found in beef boiled in soy, dried squid, toasted seaweed, milk powder, soritae, sunflower seeds, ramyon (instant noodle), and kochujang from meats, fishes, seaweeds, milk products, legumes, processed foods, and traditional foods, respectively. This study provided reliable vitamin E data in commonly consumed foods in Korea for the nutritional information and food composition database.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.58 no.4
• /
• pp.367-375
• /
• 2013

The rice bran, a by-product of rice milling process, is well known for various functional components, such as tocopherol, tocotrienol, ${\gamma}$-oryzanol, carrying antioxidant activities. This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant components and antioxidant activities in rice bran of different Korean rice cultivars. The 8 isomers of vitamin E, ${\gamma}$-oryzanol, flavonoids, and polyphenolics in rice bran from 16 Korean premium and high quality rice cultivars were quantified. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reducing power of the ethanol extracts of rice bran were measured. 'Hopum' showed the highest total vitamin E content, $221.47{\mu}g/g$ among the cultivars, and 'Hanseol' showed the lowest content. The rice bran showed different compositions of ${\alpha}-$, ${\beta}-$, ${\gamma}-$, ${\delta}-$ tocopherol and tocotrienol among rice cultivars. The antioxidant contents were also different by cultivar; the ${\gamma}$-oryzanol contents ranged from 1.99 mg/g (Unkwang) to 4.30 mg/g (Chilbo), the polyphenol contents ranged from 427.22 mg gallic acid eq./100 g (Odaebyeo) to 775.80 mg gallic acid eq./100 g (Hopum). 'Hopum' also had the highest DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities, 9.82% and 187.5 AEAC mg/100 g, respectively. In vitro, the rice bran extracts from 'Hopum' had significantly higher antioxidant activities than that of other cultivars.