• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2007

Coral reefs are among the most dynamic and various ecosystems on tropical ecosystem. They provide a large number of important ecosystem services. Despite their importance, they appear to be one of the most susceptible marine ecosystems. Dramatic decreasing of coral reefs has been reported from every part of the world. Indonesia contains 18% of coral reefs of world's total. Unfortunately the status of coral reefs in Indonesia is already in critical and poor condition. Coral reefs communities in Indonesia are subjected to a variety of environmental disturbance. Threats to Indonesia's coral reefs resources can be divided into two main types: anthropogenic and natural disturbances. The major anthropogenic disturbances on coral reefs in Indonesia are destructive fishing, pollution, coastal development, mining and harvesting live fish and coral, tourism. The natural disturbances such as cyclones, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunami and predator also contribute to coral reefs destruction in Indonesia. In my paper I tried to compare between natural and anthropogenic disturbances on coral reefs in Indonesia and raised these questions: (i) how the natural disturbances differ from anthropogenic area (ii) which type of disturbances has caused the greatest impact on coral reef ecosystem. My finding is that both of anthropogenic and natural disturbances give major impact on coral reefs in Indonesia. The important issue here is coral reef resilience could be disturbed by synergistic effects between various anthropogenic and natural disturbances. This phenomenon has significant conservation and management implication. The appropriate management should be conducted to protect coral reefs ecosystem in Indonesia. Mangrove management will succeed only when local people are involved and get sustainable benefits from mangrove ecosystem. Community based management and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) are type of management that can be applied on coral reef ecosystems in Indonesia.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.6_2
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• pp.1119-1137
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• 2017

This study assessed the water provisioning and climate mitigation ecosystem services of the urban forest in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. The ecosystem service assessment is conducted based on natural function, natural function and population, and natural function and the beneficiary of the ecosystem service. Then, the impact of climate change on ecosystem services is analyzed to figure out the sensitivity of the impact on the beneficiary when the natural function of forest destroys under climate change. Gyeonggi-do has higher function-based water provisioning ecosystem service than Seoul. And population-based water provisioning ecosystem service appears to be higher in the densely populated area. On the other hand, beneficiary-based water provisioning ecosystem service by applying both natural water supply function and beneficiary distribution appears different with the result of population-based water provisioning service assessment. In other words, regions with high beneficiary population show higher ecosystem service than those with a low beneficiary population even though they have the same water storage function. In addition, climate change has a negative impact on the water provisioning ecosystem service. Under climate change, water provisioning service is expected to decrease by 26%. For climate mitigation service, regions close to the forest seem to have a low temperature, which indicates their high climate mitigation service. The center of the city with high beneficiary population shows high beneficiary-based ecosystem service. The climate change impacts the forest growth to decrease which affect the beneficiary-based climate mitigation ecosystem service to decrease by 33%. From this study, we conclude that beneficiary-based function and ecosystem service assessment is needed as well as the supply-based classification of forest function suggested by Korea Forest Service. In addition, we suggest that not only supply-based function classification and ecosystem service assessment but also beneficiary-based function classification and ecosystem service assessment is needed for managing the urban forest, which has been destroyed by climate change. This will contribute to revaluing cases where a forest with low natural function but high beneficiary-based ecosystem service, which is not considered under the current forest function-based assessment system. Moreover, this could assist in developing a suitable management plan for the urban forest.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.249-260
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• 2022

This mini review examines the habitat connectivity and effectiveness of Korean Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (YSLME) region. We first reemphasize that the Korean region of the YSLME is a single ecosystem (ecoregion) given the biophysical distribution patterns. The MPAs within the YSLME contribute about 50% to the total MPAs in Korea, accounting for about 10% of the territorial sea waters of Korea and 20% of the waters of YSLME on the Korean side. By area, national parks account for nearly 45% of the MPAs, followed by the wetland protected areas at 25%, with other types of MPA comprising the remaining 30%. Large MPA (> 100 km²) is the dominant type of MPA, accounting for 90% of the total area. We find that MPAs in the region are connected physically and perhaps also genetically. However, the level of protection was found to be low, and a no-take zone is rarely implemented. In addition, interrupted freshwater discharge caused by river-mouth dams poses a major hindrance to the physical connectivity of the MPAs. Restoration of the river-mouth dams and strengthened regulation on MPAs, with further expansion of MPAs in line with the current development of post-2020 global biodiversity frameworks, should be priorities for better management of marine resources. The newly revised law incorporating the concept of "Marine Ecosystem Axis Management" would reinforce the processes, and their effectiveness together with overall management of MPAs in Korea should be evaluated by designing appropriate measurement tools.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.837-846
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• 2017

This study aimed to investigate the dilapidated Fine View Square located in the city of Gangneung and analyze problems for building it into a sustainable space under an effective management plan. Further to creating an ecological base for restoring the natural circulation, a restorative method for the damaged area, a spatial assignment by the UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB), and an urban ecological park, we not only wanted to provide an environment that is citizen friendly, but also a practical and realizable project to connect with the various methods and programs mentioned above, while utilizing the Ministry of the Environment 's ecosystem conservation fund. In conclusion, we found that it would be possible to contribute to building an urban ecological park the Ministry of Environment proposed while restoring the lost natural circulation in Gyodong Square in the city of Gangneung and ecological soundness of the city along with the reduced heat island effect and the increased biological diversity and Ecological Soundness.

• Mycobiology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.261-272
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• 2019

Oomycetes are widely distributed in various environments, including desert and polar regions. Depending upon different habits and hosts, they have evolved with both saprophytic and pathogenic nutritional modes. Freshwater ecosystem is one of the most important habitats for members of oomycetes. Most studies on oomycete diversity, however, have been biased mostly towards terrestrial phytopathogenic species, rather than aquatic species, although their roles as saprophytes and parasites are essential for freshwater ecosystems. In this study, we isolated oomycete strains from soil sediment, algae, and decaying plant debris in freshwater streams of Korea. The strains were identified based on cultural and morphological characteristics, as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS rDNA, cox1, and cox2 mtDNA sequences. As a result, we discovered eight oomycete species previously unknown in Korea, namely Phytopythium chamaehyphon, Phytopythium litorale, Phytopythium vexans, Pythium diclinum, Pythium heterothallicum, Pythium inflatum, Pythium intermedium, and Pythium oopapillum. Diversity and ecology of freshwater oomycetes in Korea are poorly understood. This study could contribute to understand their distribution and ecological function in freshwater ecosystem.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.25-45
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• 2008

This review was made to discuss the issues of ecological restoration and environmental impact assessment (EIA) related to the preservation of natural environment, the central theme expressed in the National Anthem of Korea. The authors notice that the key word or the central philosophy contained in the verses of the National Anthem of Korea is the preservation of national land and eternal identity for future generations, which is thought to be pursued through the attainment of ecological sustainability. A conceptual model for the sustainable management of natural ecosystems was suggested for the efficient utilization and the preservation of them, whose activities should be promoted by those of conservation and restoration instead of destructive development and negligence, respectively. Here, the preservation of natural environment can be directly pursued through the restoration of degraded ecosystems and landscapes and the utilization of natural environment can be directly pursued through the conservation of natural resources and wise management of natural ecosystems and landscapes. After reviewing the major characteristics and activities of the restoration of degraded ecosystems and landscapes, discussion was further extended to points for the promotion of the EIA activities. To point out some of them, it is needed for the public to better understand the nature of sustainable management of natural environment, for the society to put extensive energy and resources in the restoration of degraded ecosystems and landscapes, and for the government to install higher levels of ministries than that of the Ministry of Environment in dealing with the issues related to the 'preservation' of national land, people, culture and the security of the sustainability for future generations, where EIA and strategic environment assessment (SEA) can directly contribute to the sustainability of the country and future generations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2004

The urban ecosystem, unlike the natural ecosystem, has been affected by the urban environment, so the existences of normal creatures have been threatened and eventually the stability has declined to consist of those that have adapted to such. Therefore, by creating a list of such organisms, their number of variety can be found out and their ecological distinction can be understood. Because flora is known to be an ecological index reflecting region's effects of human and societal environments, weather, and climates, it is a useful method of finding out the ecological position and distinctiveness of that region. The study site is part of watershed at Yangjae Stream, Kahngnam-ku, Seoul. In this study, the difference of flora in each land use type are investigated by plant identification. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the city's plant surviving environment, and eventually to contribute to the restoration of urban green spaces by finding out the plants which are appropriate for the corresponding environment. After doing the study, it was found that the urban forest is the most stable urban ecosystem while the urban park is seriously disturbed, and ecologically unstable. The urban stream is also disturbed continuously.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 1996

This study examines the development and management of the Herb Island in Japan, and explores influences of the herb garden on a rural community. The result suggested that the development of a herb garden can make a major impact on a rural community's econmoic stability and growth, and low-input cultivation of herbs serves to the ecosystem and soil conservation. In order to foster the herb industry in Korea, three aspcets should be considered. These are as follows. 1. Selection of suitable kinds of herbs and sites for Korean natural environment,and planning for proper landuse should be carried out first. 2. Proper policies for a herb garden to help local economy should be established. 3. Development of programs and experts on environmental education should be included in planning herb gardens in order to contribute to natural environment preservation.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.211-223
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• 2015

Korean society has been recently promoting the restoration of coastal wetlands. These efforts might become the basis of a policy framework that compensates for the limitations of a regulation-oriented policy such as the designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The shift in government policy could contribute to strengthening the socioeconomic infrastructure of coastal development through the accumulation of ecological capital. Although our scientific efforts and social demands in regard to the ecological restoration of the coastal wetlands have increased during the past years, the bases for restoration in Korea requires that scientific, technological, financial, social and legal aspects be enhanced. The present study re-examined the concept and attitudes behind coastal wetland restoration in the light of changing circumstances in Korea. Herein, we first defined coastal wetland restoration as "An act of recovering the functions of the ecosystem of coastal wetlands to a state that resembles conditions prior to being damaged." Next, this study discussed the limitations and future directions of such restoration efforts based on the descriptive analyses of recent restoration practices from social, economic, and technological aspects. Finally, we suggest future policy directions regarding coastal wetland restoration on the basis of a PFST (Policy, Financial, Social, and Technological) analysis; 1) re-arranging legal mechanisms, 2) setting multi-dimensional restoration goals, 3) establishing a multi-discipline- and convergence based R&D system, 4) linking spatial management and local development to the restoration, 5) building restoration governance at the local level, 6) implementing an ecosystem service payment system, and 7) applying test-bed projects in accordance with proper directions.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.630-644
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• 2016

We conducted a comprehensive review on artificial reefs (ARs) including seaweed reefs for marine afforestation in relation to their development and research from 1972 to 2016, and then systematically analyzed their current a state-of-the-art and practice. From the review, the followings conclusions are made. First, the objectives of AR projects in the Southeast Asia can be classified into three, i.e. protection and increase of fishery resources, local community's profits, and ecological tourism. Second, fish gathering effects by ARs can be determined in terms of wake region or wake length that tends to increase with the K-C (Keulegan-Carpenter) number. Third, ARs are desirable to deploy across a direction of the main flow but it is essential to keep the deployment interval two to four times the length of a single reef. Fourth, stability of ARs depends on how to evaluate drag coefficient, and Morison formula turns out to be practical. Fifth, local scours of ARs are likely to occur due to a downward flow around the center of the front surface. Finally, it is natural for ARs to positively contribute to the marine ecosystem but it is imperative to develop an evaluation method for the effects of ARs on the marine ecosystem.