Purpose : To evaluate white matter abnormalities on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in patients with mild Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Materials and Methods: DTI was performed in 21 patients with mild AD, in 13 with MCI and in 16 old healthy subjects. A fractional anisotropy (FA) map was generated for each participant and processed for voxel-based comparisons among the three groups using TBSS. For comparison, DTI data was processed using the VBM method, also. Results: TBSS showed that FA was significantly lower in the AD than in the old healthy group in the bilateral anterior and right posterior corona radiata, the posterior thalamic radiation, the right superior longitudinal fasciculus, the body of the corpus callosum, and the right precuneus gyrus. VBM identified additional areas of reduced FA, including both uncinates, the left parahippocampal white matter, and the right cingulum. There were no significant differences in FA between the AD and MCI groups, or between the MCI and old healthy groups. Conclusion: TBSS showed multifocal abnormalities in white matter integrity in patients with AD compared with old healthy group. VBM could detect more white matter lesions than TBSS, but with increased artifacts.
Background: There arc two theories in the development of colon cancer. One is the adenoma-carcinoma sequence theory and the other is the de novo cancer theory. Western countries believe in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence theory, however there are many recent reports from, Japan about cancers developing from small adenomas. Methods: The present study analyzed 408 polyps from 508 cases that were taken by colonoscopic polypectomy at the Department of internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital. Results: The percentage of patients who had a polyp was 41.3% (210 cases out of 526 cases), and the peak incidence was noted in patients in their 50s and 60s, There was no difference between the sexes, but we noted significant increase in the incidence of polyps in patients over the age of thirty. We found 395 polyps below 1cm and 13 polyps above 1cm. Among 408 polyps, 5 cases were cancerous polyps and 3 cases showed polyp size of less than 1cm each. The first case was a polyp of 0.4cm in size with elevated mucosa at the ascending colon. The second was 0.5cm in size with round elevation and hyperemic mucosa in the rectum. The third was 0.6cm in size with tubular elevation at the hepatic flexure. Conclusions: Colon polyp is a common disease in Koreans, Even small polyps can have cancer tissue, which should be removed if discovered during colonoscopy. We believe that not all colon cancer originates in the manner described by the adenoma-carcinoma sequence theory. However further studies with a larger sample population arc needed to determine the exact role of colon polyps in the development of colon cancer.
Low phenylalanine diet(0.05%) was given to the Sprague Dawley pregnant rats at the 14 days of gestation and continued until the pups were lactated for 11 days. Body weight, plasma phenylalanine and tyrosine, brain weight, and brain phenylalanine and tyrosine were determined on pups randomly sacrificed at several intervals. Body weight of pups on normal diet (0. 36% phenylalanine) gained rapidly while the pups on the phenylalanine deficient diet decreased and did not survive during the period of 11 days. Brain weight of the pups on the phenylalanine deficient diet was significantly lower(P < 0.05) than the normal pups. Phenylalanine deficient diet did not affect the level of plasma phenylalanine of pups, but it seems that there was a positive correlation between the level of phenylalanine in the diet and the plasma tyrosine level. The plasma tyrosine level of pups on the deficient diet was decreased significantly during the Period while the pups on the normal diet increased steadily. Phenylalanine and tyrosine level in the brain was lower in Pups on the deficient diet than the pups on normal diet but the plasma phenylalanine level was not significantly different in both diets. However, plasma tyrosine level was significantly lower in the pups on the deficient diet than the normal diet at the end of the period.
This study was carried out to identify the analysis of vegetation-environment relationships of the coniferous forests in subalpine districts of Mt. Chiri by two-way indicaton species analysis(TWINSPAN) and CCA. The results are summarized as follows; The subalpine coniferous forest in Mt. Chin was classified Abies koreana community group by the TWINSPAN method. The Abies koreana community group was classified Abies koreana-Pinus densiflora, Abies koreana-Quercus mongolicd and Abies koreana-Picea jezoensis. The Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community classified into two subcommunities, typical and Pinus koraiensis subcommunity. The Abies koreana-Picea jezoensis community classified into three subcommunities such as typical, Taxus cuspidate and Cornus controversa subcommunity. The subalpine conifers commnities in Mt. Chiri could be classified into six vegetation units, which consisted of three vegetation communities and five subcommunities. The relationship between vegetation community and influencing environmental factors was analyzed by using the CCA ordination method. It was found that altitude, concentrations of $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ in soil were, major environmental variables, which influence the distribution of vegetation community in the first axis, and $Ca^{++}$ and altitude in the second axis. In the relations of communities and environmental factors by CCA, the optimal ecological habitats of Abies koreana-Pinus densiflora community could be located at low elevations, in which $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ are rich. Abies koreana-Quercus mongolica community prefers the sites in mid-elevation zone, in which $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ are medium level in soil. The optimum site for Abies koreana-Pinus koraiensis community and Abies koreana-Taxus cuspidata community could be high elevations in which $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ are poor. Abies koreana-Cornus controversa community is found in the site at low elevations where $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ are medium.
Kim, Kee-Jong;Woo, Koan-Sik;Lee, Jin-Seok;Chun, A-Reum;Choi, Yoon-Hee;Song, Jin;Suh, Sae-Jung;Kim, Sun-Lim;Jeong, Heon-Sang
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
/
v.37
no.11
/
pp.1523-1528
/
2008
This study was carried out to compare the physicochemical characteristics and sensory quality of Sikhye (a Korean traditional rice beverage) prepared with specialty rice varieties. The results showed that Ilpum had higher hulling recovery, milled/brown rice ratio, and milling recovery than Sulgaeng, Baegjinju, Baegjinju 1, and Dongjinchal. The alkali digestive value, protein content, and amylose contents of Sulgaeng were 6.3, 7.3% and 19.3%, respectively. The highest brix degree was $10.00^{\circ}Bx$ in Baegjinju Sikhye. The turbidity appeared at 0.4440, 0.4100, 0.3828, 0.3372, 0.1414 in Ilpum, Baegjinju, Baegjinju 1, Sulgaeng, and Dongjinchal Sikhye, respectively. There were no significant differences in pH and maltose contents among the groups. The highest L-value was 44.62 in Ilpum Sikhye. The a-value and b-value were $-1.66{\sim}-0.70$ and $-9.18{\sim}-5.19$, respectively. Finally, the sensory evaluation results indicated that there were no significant differences in appearance, aroma, and taste between the groups, and the Sulgaeng Sikhye showed higher overall quality than the Dongjinchal Sikhye as the control.
Muscovite, chlorite and biotite in metapelites of the Ogcheon Hetamorphic Belt are studied using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), backscattered electron images (BEI) of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and lattice fringe images of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These minerals are observed to be intergrown under a polarized light microscope and are apparently interlayered below EPMA resolution; EPMA data often indicate mixtures of phyllosilicates such as muscovite/chlorite (M/C), biotite/chlorite (B/C), muscovite/pyrophyllite/chlorite (M/P/C). biotite/pyrophyllite/chlorite (B/P/C) or biotite/muscovite/chlorite (B/M/C). BEI observations show that the three minerals (muscovite, chlorite and biotite) are mixed at various scales in a grain through the garnet zone, and the interlayering of the three minerals are observed from TEM lattice fringe images and selected area electron diffraction patterns. The result of TEM observations reveals that 7-$\AA$ layers (serpentine, precursor of chlorite) are interlayered within 10-$\AA$ layers (muscovite) at 100~200 $\AA$ scale as well as M/C in the chlorite zone. The 7-$\AA$ layers become smaller in size and less frequent in the biotite tone, and 10-$\AA$ layers are interlayered with chlorite (14 $\AA$) at an individual layer scale. The 7-$\AA$ layers are no longer observed in the garnet zone, and 10-$\AA$ layers (biotite) are interlayered with chlorite (B/C) at 50~100 $\AA$ scale. Relatively large scale (1000~2000 $\AA$) of intergrowth is also frequently observed from the garnet zone samples. However, rocks from all three metamorphic zones show interlayering of a few units of 7-, 10- and 14-$\AA$ layers with each other at TEM observations. The result of this study implies that metamorphic minerals such as muscovite, chlorite and biotite form through disequilibrum mineral reactions resulting in inhomogenious phases.
Park, Ju-Hun;Lee, Kyoung-Won;Sung, Ki-Seung;Kim, Sung-Soo;Cho, Kyung-Dong;Lee, Bog-Hieu;Han, Chan-Kyu
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
/
v.41
no.6
/
pp.766-773
/
2012
This study investigates the effects of diets with mulberry leaf and Cudrania tricuspidata leaf supplements on blood glucose-related biomarkers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Male diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups and fed several diets. Group A was fed a diet with a 10% supplement of mulberry leaves. Group B was fed a diet with a 10% supplement of mulberry leaves and an additional 10% supplement of Cudrania tricuspidata leaves. Group C was fed a diet with a 10% supplement of mulberry leaves and an additional 30% supplement of Cudrania tricuspidata leaves. Group D was fed a diet with a 10% supplement of Cudrania tricuspidata leaves. Group E was the DM control. All diets were based on AIN-93G diet and they all lasted 6 weeks. The blood glucose levels of groups B and C stayed similar to initial levels (reference blood glucose) for the experimental period, which was significantly lower than levels in groups A, D, and E at the 6th week (p<0.05). And the area under the blood glucose curve (AUC) was also significantly lower in groups B and C than in groups D and E (p<0.05). The fasting blood glucose level after the experiment was significantly lower in groups B and C (p<0.05), and the C-peptide content of group C was as high as 50 pmol/L on average. The HbA1c content was also significantly lower in groups A and B than in group E (p<0.05). The serum TG, AST, and ALT levels were significantly decreased in groups A, B, and D than in group E (p<0.05). From the findings, it is shown that a diet of 1:1 mulberry and Cudrania tricuspidata leaf supplements could improve blood glucose-related biomarkers.
Purpose : Although the use of intravenous gamma-globulin(IVGG) in Kawasaki disease(KD) is effective in reducing clinical symptoms and coronary artery complications, 20-30% of patients have persistent or recrudescent fever and ongoing clinical symptoms. In these patients, the additional infusion of IVGG is considered. The authors studied the characteristics of patients who received IVGG retreatment, and compared them with the patients who did not need IVGG retreatment, for determination of IVGG retreatment. Methods : We reviewed the medical records of 117 KD patients who could be followed up at least six months. We studied the conventional laboratory findings, electrocardiogram(EKG), signal averaged ECG(SAECG) and echocardiogram. Results : Twenty three patients had early cardiac complications during the six months of follow-up. Four patients had late cardiac complications after six months. The early cardiac complication rate was higher in the IVGG retreatment group than the single infusion group(P<0.0001). The late complication rate was also higher in the retreatment group(P<0.0001). The patients who received methyl-prednisolone(m-PD) pulse therapy had much higher rates of early and late cardiac complications than those who received a single IVGG infusion. Among the clinical data and laboratory findings, only CRP increased significantly in patients who have had the cardiac complications. The IVGG retreatment group had increased CRP than the single infusion group. Conclusion : The patients with increased initial CRP may have an increased incidence of complications and an increased possibility of IVGG retreatment. We thought that retreated KD patients might have inflammations severe enough to need high dose IVGG as shown by high CRP levels, and IVGG retreatment could not prevent coronary artery lesions sufficiently.
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
/
v.34
no.10
/
pp.1545-1552
/
2005
Sanguisorba officinalis L. has been used as a traditional remedy for arthritis, neuralgia, diarrhea, vomiting, gastric ulcer and gastro-intestinal disorders. This study was performed to investigate the protective effects of ethylacetate fraction of Sanguisorba officinalis L. ethanol extract (SOE) on the gastric mucosal damage and gastric ulcer induced by HCI-ethanol, indomethacin, Shay-ligation method, restraint and water-immersion stress, and cysteamine in rats. The experiment animals were divided into four groups: a negative control group (CON), positive control group (cimetidine 100 mg/kg-CMT or omeprazol 100 mg/kg administrated group-OMT), SOE 200 mg/kg administrated group (SOL) and SOE 400 mg/kg administrated group (SOH), respectively. Rats were given an oral or intraduodenal administration of SOE, and all SOE treatment groups compared with the CON significantly inhibited HCI-ethanol-induced acute gastritis and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in dose-dependent manner, of which effects were lower in a positive control drug (CMT). The inhibition rates ($\%$) on the acute gastritis induced by HCI-ethanol and the gastric ulcers induced by indomethacin in rats, 17.66$\%$ and 48.28$\%$ in SOL, 21.71$\%$, and 51.08$\%$ in SOH, and 47.26$\%$ and 58.26$\%$ in CMT compared with CON, respectively, In pylorus ligated rats, the groups of SOE showed decreases in the volume of gastric secretion and acid output. However, no significant differences were observed in the pepsin activity between treated groups . In addition, SOH also depressed gastric ulcers induced by restraint and water-immersion stress and duodenal ulcers induced by cysteamine. These results suggest that Sanguisorba officinalis L. has remarkable antigastric ulcer effects and could be developed as a new antigastric ulcer agents.
Fillets of mackerel (Scomber japonicus) and flounder (Xystrias grigorjewi) which, are representatives in red fleshed fish and white fleshed fish, respectively, were freeze-dried and stored in tightly sealed containers which were controlled to different relative humidity at $25^{\circ}C$. The changes of lipids were examined periodically by measuring the peroxide value (POV), the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and the acid value (AV). And the fatty acid composition of lipids was investigated by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The results obtained are summarized as foollows: From the changes of POV and TBA value during storage, the oxidation of lipids was distinct at the lower relative humidities, $0\%\;and\;23\%$, while inhibited at the higher relative humidities, $52\%\;and\;81\%$. The changes in acid value during storage were more prominent at the hifger relative himidites than at the lower relative humidities. The content of $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:0}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ acids in the fatty acid composition of total lipids was abundant in both fleshed fishes. The content of $C_{18:1}$ acid in the nonpolar lipid and that of $C_{16:0}$ acid in the polar lipid were higher than other fatty acids. In the fatty acid composition of total lipids during storage, polyenoic acids decreased with storage period at $0\%\;and\;23\%$ relative humidities, while the fatty acid composition didn't show a great change at $52\%\;and\;81\%$ relative humidities. In the non-polar lipid, polyenoic acids coherently decreased under all the conditions of relative humidities but the saturated acids and the monoenoic acids increased. In the polar lipid, polyenoic acids decreased at $0\%\;and\;23\%$ relative humidities, while the saturated acids and monoenoic acids decreased at $52\%\;and\;81\%$ relative humidities. On the other hand, the oxidation of lipids was more significant in mackerel than in the flounder, and the changes of fatty acid composition were shown a similar pattern.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.