• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.27.1-27.12
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• 2020

The prevalence of early-onset type 2 diabetes (EOT2D) is increasing in Asian countries. Genome-wide association studies performed in European and various other populations have identified associations of numerous variants with type 2 diabetes in adults. However, the genetic component of EOT2D which is still unexplored could have similarities with late-onset type 2 diabetes. Here in the present study we aim to identify the association of variants with EOT2D in South Indian population. Twenty-five variants from 18 gene loci were genotyped in 1,188 EOT2D and 1,183 normal glucose tolerant subjects using the MassARRAY technology. We confirm the association of the HHEX variant rs1111875 with EOT2D in this South Indian population and also the association of CDKN2A/2B (rs7020996) and TCF7L2 (rs4506565) with EOT2D. Logistic regression analyses of the TCF7L2 variant rs4506565(A/T), showed that the heterozygous and homozygous carriers for allele 'T' have odds ratios of 1.47 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17 to 1.83; p = 0.001) and 1.65 (95% CI, 1.18 to 2.28; p = 0.006) respectively, relative to AA homozygote. For the HHEX variant rs1111875 (T/C), heterozygous and homozygous carriers for allele 'C' have odds ratios of 1.13 (95% CI, 0.91 to 1.42; p = 0.27) and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.17 to 2.12; p = 0.003) respectively, relative to the TT homozygote. For CDKN2A/2B variant rs7020996, the heterozygous and homozygous carriers of allele 'C' were protective with odds ratios of 0.65 (95% CI, 0.51 to 0.83; p = 0.0004) and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.27 to 1.39; p = 0.24) respectively, relative to TT homozygote. This is the first study to report on the association of HHEX variant rs1111875 with EOT2D in this population.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2008

2-Aminothiazole ring as a bioisoster of catechol in dopamine has provided with good oral availability and lipophilic property. Selenium was reported to have an improved antioxidant ability and to reduce the loss of dopamine. 2-Aminoindan, is a rigid form of dopamine, was evaluated as a dopamine agonist with low neurotoxocity. In order to develop a novel dopamine agonist, we tried to synthesize the selenazoloaminoindan derivative that is a hybrid structure of aminoindan and aminoselenazole instead of aminothiazole. 2-Indanone-2-oxime was reduced with $TiCl_4$ and $NaBH_4$ to form 2-aminoindan, which was reacted with propionyl chloride to give 2-N-n-propionylaminoindan (2). Compound 2 was reduced with $TiCl_4$ and $NaBH_4$ to afford 2-N-n-propylaminoindan (3) and it was nitrated and reduced to form 5-amino-2-N-n-propylaminoindan (5), which was reacted with KSeCN, $Br_2$, and glacial acetic acid to give 4,6-dibromo-5- amino-2-N-n-propylaminoindan (7) instead of selenazole ring formation. Otherwise, compound 2 was nitrated and hydrogenated to form 5-amino-2-N-n-propionylaminoindan (9), which was treated with KSeCN, $Br_2$, and glacial acetic acid to give 4,6-dibromo-5-amino-2-N-n-propionylaminoindan (10). Compound 9 was cyc1ized with KSeCN and glacial acetic acid in the absence of $Br_2$ to give 6-amino-2-N-(n-propionylamino)selenazolo[4,5-f]indan (11).

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.174-181
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• 1973

Dichlorodiacetatotitanium(IV) dissolves in alcohols with chemical reaction. Such solvolytic reaction of $TiCl_2(OAc)_2$with various alcohols has been studied by means of solution NMR spectroscopy and chemical analysis of the isolated products. The reaction of $TiCl_2(OAc)_2$ with primary alcohols has shown to be a quantitative two-step ligand substitution process as shown in the following: $TiCl_2(OAc)_2+ROH{\to}TiCl_2(OAc)_2(OR)+AcOH$ $TiCl_2(OAc)_2(OR)+ROH{\to}TiCl_2(OAc)_2+AcOH$The molecular form initially soluble in organic solvents has been found to be the monosubstituted species $TiCl_2(OAc)(OR)$. Alcoholysis with t-butyl alcohol has shown remarkable differences. When the mole ratio of t-butyl alcohol to $TiCl_2(OAc)_2$ is less than 1/2, the following reaction is dominant. $TiCl_2(OAc)_2+t-ButOH{\to}TiCl_2(OAc)_2+t-ButCl$However, at higher mole ratio another substitution process resembling the first step reaction with primary alcohols is competitively accompanied. The reaction with t-butyl alcohol also differs from that with primary alcohols in that only one either of the two chloro-or acetato-ligands in $TiCl_2(OAc)_2$ is subjected to substitution.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.189-196
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• 2019

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effects of different oxygen conditions (20% [high O₂], 5% [low O₂] and 5% decreased to 2% [dynamic O₂]) on mouse pre- and peri-implantation development using a novel double-channel gas supply (DCGS) incubator (CNC Biotech Inc.) to alter the oxygen concentration during in vitro culture. Methods: The high-O₂ and low-O₂ groups were cultured from the one-cell to the blastocyst stage under 20% and 5% oxygen concentrations, respectively. In the dynamic-O₂ group, mouse embryos were cultured from the one-cell to the morula stage under 5% O₂ for 3 days, followed by culture under 2% O₂ to the blastocyst stage. To evaluate peri-implantation development, the blastocysts from the three groups were individually transferred to a fibronectin-coated dish and cultured to the outgrowth stage in droplets. Results: The blastocyst formation rate was significantly higher in the low-O₂ and dynamic-O₂ groups than in the high-O₂ group. The total cell number was significantly higher in the dynamic-O₂ group than in the low-O₂ and high-O₂ groups. Additionally, the apoptotic index was significantly lower in the low-O₂ and dynamic-O₂ groups than in the high-O₂ group. The trophoblast outgrowth rate and spread area were significantly higher in the low-O₂ and dynamic-O₂ groups than in the high-O₂ group. Conclusion: Our results showed that a dynamic oxygen concentration (decreasing from 5% to 2%) had beneficial effects on mouse pre- and peri-implantation development. Optimized, dynamic changing of oxygen concentrations using the novel DCGS incubator could improve the developmental competence of in vitro cultured embryos in a human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer program.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.100-109
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• 1983

Let ${X_i}$ be a process with stationary and independent increments whose log characteristic function is expressed as $ibut-2^{-1}\sigma^2u^2t+t\int_{{0 }^c}{(exp(iux)-1-iux(i+x^2)^{-1})dv(x)}$. Our main result is taht $x^2(\int_{\y\>x}{dv(y)})/(\int_{$\mid$y$\mid$\leqx}{y^2dv(y)+\sigma^2}) \to 1$ as $x \to 0 (resp. x \to \infty)$ is necessary, and sufficient for ${X-i}$ to have ${A_t}$ and ${B_t}$ such that $(X_t-A_t)/B_t \to^D n(0,1)$ as $t \to 0 (resp. t \to \infty)$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.500-503
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• 1989

Synthetic studies have been carried out for the addition or substitution of phosphorus nucleophiles to the cation $[(exo-6-R-{\eta}^ {5_-}2-MeO-C_6H_5)Mn(CO)_2NO]PF_6,$ 2. $PPh_3$ reacts with 2 to yield the CO displaced product and $MePPh_2$ attacks the dienyl ring of 2 to yield the phosphonium adduct or the metal to give the CO displaced depending upon the reaction temperatures. Nucleophilic addition of HPPh2 to the dienyl ring of 2 gives a neutral substituted product. $P(OMe)_3$ reacts with 2 to yield a mixture of ring adduct and CO displaced product at room temperature. $At - 20^{\circ}C,\;P(OMe)_3$ attacks the dienyl ring of 2 to give a posphonium adduct, which underwent Arbuzov reaction. This reaction affords a new route to the phosphonate complexes.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.367-373
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• 2019

As the number of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) is increasing dramatically Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) te chnology also has been spotlight from industry and academia recently. With help of V2G technology Battery of EV can play many important roles like as energy storage system (ESS) and electric energy resource in Smart Grid environment. This paper provides comprehensive review of Vehicle-to-Home(V2H), Vehicle-to-Building(V2B) and Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G) technologies. The economical analysis of these technologies is also discussed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1229-1258
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• 2002

This paper reports the photochemical reduction of benzil 1 to benzoin 2 and the reduction of 2 to hydrobenzoin 4 in deoxygenated solvents in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) and/or TiO2. Without TEA or TiO2, the photolysis of 1 resulted in very low yield of 2. The presence of TEA or TiO2 increased the rate of disappearance of 1 and the yield of 2, which were further increased considerably by the presence of water. The photoreduction of 1 to 2 proceeds through an electron transfer to 1 from TEA or hole-scavenged excited TiO2 followed by protonation. In the reaction medium of 88 : 7 : 2 : 3 CH3CN/CH3OH/H2O/TEA with 2.5 $㎎/m{\ell}$ of TiO2, the yield of 2 was as high as 85 % at 50 % conversion of 1. The photolysis of 2 in homogeneous media resulted in photo-cleavage to benzoyl and hydroxybenzyl radicals, which are mostly converted to benzaldehyde. The reduction product 4 is formed in low yield through the dimerization of hydroxybenzyl radicals. The addition of TEA increased the conversion rate of 2 and the yield of 4 significantly. This was attributed to the scavenging effect of TEA for benzoyl radical to produce N,N-diethylbenzamide and the photoreduction of benzaldehyde in the presence of TEA. The ratio of $(\pm)$ and meso isomers of 4 obtained from the photochemical reaction is about 1.1. This ratio is the same as that from the photochemical reduction of benzaldehyde in the presence of TEA. In the TiO2-sensitized photochemical reduction of 2, meso-4 was obtained in moderate yield. The reduction of 2 to 4 proceeds through two consecutive electron/proton transfer processes on the surface of the photocatalyst without involvement of ${\alpha}-cleavage$. The radical 11 initially formed from 2 by one electron/proton process can also combine with hydroxy methyl radical, which is generated after hole trapping of excited TiO2 by methanol, to produce 1,2-diphenylpropenone after dehydration reaction.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.211-231
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• 2007

Communication anxiety (CA) in L2 has been identified as one of the important predictors of determining success in the attainment of L2 communication competence. L2 professionals have attempted to explicate its nature in L2, but seemingly failed to achieve the goal. This is probably because they have tended to rely on studies dependent on the use of surveys, which are usually constructed on the basis of their own perspectives rather than L2 students' on CA. To solve this problem, some L2 professionals have utilized diverse research methods that can gather opinions directly from L2 students who are the main constituent in L2 learning; regretfully, they have barely listened to L2 students' voices about controlling CA in L2. This descriptive study explored the nature of CA and the way of controlling it by analyzing data from 57 Korean EFL undergraduates who voluntarily responded to the oral interview questions. The findings of this study pointed out that CA in L2 negatively influenced L2 performance. However, it seemed to have the potential to promote L2 learning. Provided are some important implications that can assist L2 teachers to help their students control CA by maximizing the positive nature of CA.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to determine whether Vermi Cast could be used effectively to remove $SO_2$ from flue gas, and then to investigate optimum adsorption conditions. The Vermi Cast used as adsorbent was mechanically screened with 8~20 mesh sieve. The adsorption data for $SO_2$ were regressed using the Freundlich isotherm. The fit was generally satisfactory ($R^2$=0.945~0.982). With the temperature changes from 2$0^{\circ}C$ to 4$0^{\circ}C$, the constant k in Freundlich isotherm qe= $kCe^{1/n}$, decreased from 1.409 at 2$0^{\circ}C$to 0.297 at 4$0^{\circ}C$, and the exponent 1/n were decreased from 0.343 to 0.134. With the bed depth changes from 10cm to 30cm, the adsorption capacity expressed as mmol of $SO_2$ adsorbed per g of Vermi Cast increased from 0.247 to 0.381. Moisture content is an important parameter in the $SO_2$ adsorbed were observed over 0.3mmol $SO_2$ /g Vermi Cast. The best adsorption capacity was 0.487mmol $SO_2$ /g Vermi Cast, and it was obtained with moisture content 37%, temperature 2$0^{\circ}C$. From the above results, ti might be concluded that Vermi Cast is effectively as a good adsorbent to remove $SO_2$ from flue gas.