• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 1994

In order to study the effects of enzyme modification on the physico-chemical and functional properties of myofibrillar protein prepared from the frozen sardine, Sardinops melanostica, the protein was hydrolyzed with pepsin under the enzyme-substrate ratio 1:100 at $37^{\circ}C$ and pH 1.65 for 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hr, respectively. The properties of pepsin-modified sardine myofibriliar protein were determined. The extents of proteolysis with pepsin as a fuction of time was showed a typical enzyme hydorlysis curve with an initial region of 4 hour period followed by plateau region. The SDS-acrylamide slab gel electrophoresis patterns of pepsin-modified proteins showed mainly disappearances of minor protein bands, but no changes of main protein bands. The gel filtration patterns through Sephadex G-75 of sardine myofibrillar protein showed two big peaks and three small peaks. All the small peaks were disappearanced by proteolysis with pepsin in one hour. and during the period of proteolysis the fast big peak became gradually smaller and the late big peak eluted more slowly. By proteolysis, the emulsifying activity and emulsifying capacity of sardine myofibrillar protein were all decreased. The effects of pepsin-modification on emulsifying capacity were greater than those on emulsifying activity of protein. The aeration capacity of the protein was increased about 1.9 folds and the foam stability decreased to 0.6 folds of control by pepsin-modification. The pepsin-modified sardine myofibrillar proteins showed about 0.6 folds of heat coagulation and 1.4 folds of viscosity of control. The pH dependence of solubilities of sardine myofibrillar protein showed two isoelectric areas of pH 5 and 9. The pepsin-modified protein showed more clear pH dependences at the early stage but not at the late stage of proteolysis.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.364-370
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• 1994

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical application of the no carrier added $[^{51}Cr]Cr(III)$-EDTA complexes, produced at Korea Cancer Center Hospital. The $[^{51}Cr]Cr(III)$-EDTA complexes, usefut for measurement of GFR were prepared at room temperature in the presence of bicarbonate catalysts. The radiochemical purity of $[^{51}Cr]Cr(III)$-EDTA was over 99% by paper electrophoresis. The time activity curves were obtained by counting the blood samples from 5 volunteers and counting the head and neck regions with whole body counter after injection of the $^{51}Cr$-EDTA, respectively. After the nonlinear regression, the area under curve was obtained. The plasma clearance of the $^{51}Cr$-EDTA was calculated with injected dose/AUC. The clearance rate calculated with the head and neck counting data was in good agreement with the result from the plasma sample radioactivity at 1-3 hrs after injection. From this result, the counting of head and neck region and the nonlinear regression by 2-compartment model could be applied for the measurement of the clearance rate. Using MIRD system, the absorbed radiation dose was calculated by residence $time{\times}S$. The absorbed whole body radiation dose was negligibly small.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.158-166
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• 2008

The pumpkin fruit fly, Bactrocera depressa (Tephritidae: Diptera), is one of the most important pests in Cucurbitaceae plants. This study was conducted to investigate the basic ecology of B. depressa, and to develop a forecasting model for predicting the time of adult emergence in early season. In green pumpkin producing farms, the oviposition punctures caused by the oviposition of B. depressa occurred first between mid- and late July, peaked in late August, and then decreased in mid-September followed by disappearance of the symptoms in late September, during which oviposition activity of B. depressa is considered active. In full-ripened pumpkin producing farms, damaged fruits abruptly increased from early Auguest, because the decay of pumpkins caused by larval development began from that time. B. depressa produced a mean oviposition puncture of 2.2 per fruit and total 28.8-29.8 eggs per fruit. Adult emergence from overwintering pupae, which was monitored using a ground emergence trap, was first observed between mid- and late May, and peaked during late May to early June. The development times from overwintering pupae to adult emergence decreased with increasing temperature: 59.0 days at $15^{\circ}C$, 39.3 days at $20^{\circ}C$, 25.8 days at$25^{\circ}C$ and 21.4 days at $30^{\circ}C$. The pupae did not develop to adult at $35^{\circ}C$. The lower developmental threshold temperature was calculated as $6.8^{\circ}C$ by linear regression. The thermal constant was 482.3 degree-days. The non-linear model of Gaussian equation well explained the relationship between the development rate and temperature. The Weibull function provided a good fit for the distribution of development times of overwintering pupae. The predicted date of 50% adult emergence by a degree-day model showed one day deviation from the observed actual date. Also, the output estimated by rate summation model, which was consisted of the developmental model and the Weibull function, well pursued the actual pattern of cumulative frequency curve of B. depressa adult emergence. Consequently, it is expected that the present results could be used to establish the management strategy of B. depressa.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.882-893
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• 1996

Background : Over one-third of solitary pulmonary nodules are malignant, but most malignant SPNs are in the early stages at diagnosis and can be cured by surgical removal. Therefore, early diagnosis of malignant SPN is essential for the lifesaving of the patient. The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Korea is somewhat higher than those of other countries and a large number of SPNs are found to be tuberculoma. Most primary physicians tend to regard newly detected solitary pulmonary nodule as tuberculoma with only noninvasive imaging such as CT and they prefer clinical observation if the findings suggest benignancy without further invasive procedures. Many kinds of noninvasive procedures for confirmatory diagnosis have been introduced to differentiate malignant SPNs from benign ones, but none of them has been satisfactory. FOG-PET is a unique tool for imaging and quantifying the status of glucose metabolism. On the basis that glucose metabolism is increased in the malignant transfomled cells compared with normal cells, FDG-PET is considered to be the satisfactory noninvasive procedure which can differentiate malignant SPNs from benign SPNs. So we performed FOG-PET in patients with solitary pulmonary nodule and evaluated the diagnostic accuracy in the diagnosis of malignant SPNs. Method : 34 patients with a solitary pulmonary nodule less than 6 cm of irs diameter who visited Samsung Medical Center from Semptember, 1994 to Semptember, 1995 were evaluated prospectively. Simple chest roentgenography, chest computer tomography, FOG-PET scan were performed for all patients. The results of FOG-PET were evaluated comparing with the results of final diagnosis confirmed by sputum study, PCNA, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, or thoracotomy. Results : (I) There was no significant difference in nodule size between malignant (3.1 1.5cm) and benign nodule(2.81.0cm)(p>0.05). (2) Peal SUV(standardized uptake value) of malignant nodules (6.93.7) was significantly higher than peak SUV of benign nodules(2.71.7) and time-activity curves showed continuous increase in malignant nodules. (3) Three false negative cases were found among eighteen malignant nodule by the FDG-PET imaging study and all three cases were nonmucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma less than 2 em diameter. (4) FOG-PET imaging resulted in 83% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value and 84% negative predictive value. Conclusion: FOG-PET imaging is a new noninvasive diagnostic method of solitary pulmonary nodule thai has a high accuracy of differential diagnosis between malignant and benign nodule. FDG-PET imaging could be used for the differential diagnosis of SPN which is not properly diagnosed with conventional methods before thoracotomy. Considering the high accuracy of FDG-PET imaging, this procedure may play an important role in making the dicision to perform thoracotomy in diffcult cases.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.194-200
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• 2007

Purpose: $^{13}N$-ammonia is a well known radiopharmaceutical for the measurement of a myocardial blood flow (MBF) non-invasively using PET-CT. In this study, we investigated a correlation between MBF obtained from dynamic imaging and myocardial perfusion score (MPS) obtained from static imaging for usefulness of cardiac PET study. Methods: Twelve patients (11 males, 1 female, $57.9{\pm}8.6$ years old) with suspicious coronary artery disease underwent PET-CT scan. Dynamic scans (6 min: $5\;sec\;{\times}\;12,\;10\;sec\;{\times}\;6,\;20\;sec\;{\times}\;3,\;and\;30\;sec\;{\times}\;6$) were initiated simultaneously with bolus injection of 11 MBq/kg $^{13}N-ammonia$ to acquire rest and stress image. Gating image was acquired during 13 minutes continuously. Nine-segment model (4 basal walls, 4 mid walls, and apex) was used for a measurement of MBF. Time activity curve of input function and myocardium was extracted from ROI methods in 9 regions for quantification. The MPS were evaluated using quantitative analysis software. To compare between 20-segment model and 9-segment model, 6 basal segments were excluded and averaged segmental scores were used. Results: There are weak correlation between MBF (rest, 0.18-2.38 ml/min/g; stress, 0.40-4.95 ml/min/g) and MPS (rest 22-91%, stress, 14-90%), however the correlation coefficient between corrected MBF and MPS in rest state was higher than stress state (rest r=0.59; stress r=0.80). As a thickening increased, correlation between MBF and MPS also showed good correlation at each segments. Conclusions: Corrected and translated MPS as its characteristics using $^{13}N$-ammonia showed good correlation with absolute MBF measured by dynamic image in this study. Therefore, we showed MPS is one of good indices which reflect MBF. We anticipate PET-CT could be used as useful tool for evaluation of myocardial function in nuclear cardiac study.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.316-326
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• 1999

Purpose: We evaluated the feasibility of extracting pure left ventricular blood pool and myocardial time-activity curves (TACs) and of generating factor images from human dynamic N-13 ammonia PET using factor analysis. The myocardial blood flow (MBF) estimates obtained with factor analysis were compared with those obtained with the user drawn region-of-interest (ROI) method. Materials and Methods: Stress and rest N-13 ammonia cardiac PET imaging was acquired for 23 min in 5 patients with coronary artery disease using GE Advance tomograph. Factor analysis generated physiological TACs and factor images using the normalized TACs from each dixel. Four steps were involved in this algorithm: (a) data preprocessing; (b) principal component analysis; (c) oblique rotation with positivity constraints; (d) factor image computation. Area under curves and MBF estimated using the two compartment N-13 ammonia model were used to validate the accuracy of the factor analysis generated physiological TACs. The MBF estimated by factor analysis was compared to the values estimated by using the ROI method. Results: MBF values obtained by factor analysis were linearly correlated with MBF obtained by the ROI method (slope = 0.84, r = 0.91), Left ventricular blood pool TACs obtained by the two methods agreed well (Area under curve ratio: 1.02 ($0{\sim}1min$), 0.98 ($0{\sim}2min$), 0.86 ($1{\sim}2min$)). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrates that MBF can be measured accurately and noninvasively with dynamic N-13 ammonia PET imaging and factor analysis. This method is simple and accurate, and can measure MBF without blood sampling, ROI definition or spillover correction.

• Proceedings of the Korean DIstribution Association Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.31-59
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• 2002

Recently there are many changes of logistics environment Such as integrated logistics information system, the rapid growth of the domestic and international small package express service and third party logistics with Electronic Commerce. At this time it is very important to deliver to customers the goods sold through EC speedy, accurately and safely. That is to say, the role of small package express service is very important at EC times. The bottlenecks of small package express service in the circumstances of EC are the weakness of EC operating company and small package express service provider the shortage of distribution centre and cargo terminal, the shortage of skilled man with related small package express service etc. So, I suggested that for activation of EC it is necessary to strengthen the strategic alliances, introduce GPS and use the third party logistics positively in the side of small package express service provider. And it is necessary to prepare for the settlements of traffic problems, support the introduction of integrated logistics service, logistics information system, deregulate restriction such as weight limit of vehicles in the side of the government. And to government support throughout extending nation's SOC, deregulation, support to small package express service terminal, permit to stopping & parking in downtown, abolishing a no passing zone, permit to being employed foreigner. Also this service involves ensuring that the product will arrive when wanted, and in an undamaged condition.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.316-321
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• 2006

Purpose: Differential diagnosis between arteriovenous (AVMs) aud non-arteriovenous malformations (nAVMs) is important in patients with congenital vascular malformations, because AVMs can cause hemodynamic alteration and require immediate treatment. We investigated whether transarterial lung perfusion scintigraphy (TLPS) was useful for the diagnosis and post-therapeutic evaluation of AVMs in extremities. Materials and Methods: Fifty-seven patients (M:F=26:31, $21{\pm}13$ yr, 9 upper and 48 lower extremities) suspected of congenital vascular malformations in extremities underwent TLPS using $^{99m}Tc-MAA$ before embolization/sclerotherapy. Dose-corrected shunt fraction (SF) was calculated from time-activity curve of the lung. Final diagnosis of AVMs was determined by angiography. in patients with AVMs, follow-up TLPS was done for post-therapeutic evaluation. Results: Sixteen patients (8 upper and 8 lower extremities) had AVMs, while the remaining 41 had nAVMs (1 upper and 40 lower extremities). The mean SF of AVMs on TLPS was significantly higher than that of nAVMs ($66.4{\pm}25.8%\;vs.\;2.8{\pm}4.3%$), p=0.003). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of TLPS (cut-off of SF = 20.0%) in diagnosis of AVMs before treatment were 93.8% (15/16), 100% (41/41) and 98.2% (56/57), respectively. The follow-up TLPS and angiography for post-therapeutic evaluation showed concordant results in 13 of 16 patients (81.3%) with AVMs. The mean SF of TLPS was significantly decreased after embolization/sclerotherapy ($69.5{\pm}24.0%\;vs.\;41.0{\pm}34.7%$, p=0.01). Conclusion: TLPS provides hemodynamic information of AVMs in extremities semiquantitatively. Furthermore, the results of TLPS showed a high concordance rate with angiographic findings. Therefore, TLPS is useful for the diagnosis and post-therapeutic evaluation of AVMs in extremities.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.165-176
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• 2011

The femoral nerve innervates the quadriceps muscles and its dermatome supplies anteromedial thigh and medial foot. Paralysis of the quadriceps muscles due to the injury of the femoral nerve results in disability of the knee joint extension and loss of sensory of the thigh. A child could walk independently even though he had injured his femoral nerve severely due to the penetrating wound in the medial thigh. We measured and analyzed his gait performance in order to find the mechanisms that enabled him to walk independently. The child was eleven-year-old boy and he could not extend his knee voluntarily at all during a month after the injury. His gait analysis was performed five times (GA1~GA5) for sixteen months. His temporal-spatial parameters were not significantly different after the GA2 or GA3 test, and significant asymmetry was not observed except the single support time in GA1 results. The Lower limb joint angles in affected side had large differences in GA1 compared with the normal normative patterns. There were little knee joint flexion and extension motion during the stance phase in GA1 The maximum ankle plantar/dorsi flexion angles and the maximum knee extension angles were different from the normal values in the sound side. Asymmetries of the joint angles were analyzed by using the peak values. Significant asymmetries were found in GA1with seven parameters (ankle: peak planter flexion angle in stance phase, range of motion; ROM, knee: peak flexion angles during both stance and swing phase, ROM, hip: peak extension angle, ROM) while only two parameters (maximum hip extension angle and ROM of hip joint) had significant differences in GA5. The mid-stance valleys were not observed in both right and left sides of vertical ground reaction force (GRF) in the GA1, GA2. The loading response peak was far larger than the terminal stance peak of vertical ground reaction curve in the affected side of the GA3, GA4, GA5. The measured joint moment curves of the GA1, GA2, GA3 had large deviations and all of kinetic results had differences with the normal patterns. EMG signals described an absence of the rectus femoris muscle activity in the GA1 and GA2 (affected side). The EMG signals were detected in the GA3 and GA4 but their patterns were not normal yet, then their normal patterns were detected in the GA5. Through these following gait analysis of a child who had selective injuries on the knee extensor muscles, we could verify the actual functions of the knee extensor muscles during gait, and we also could observe his recovery and asymmetry with quantitative data during his rehabilitation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.65-74
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• 1972

A local rice variety, Jinheung and newly bred IR667-Suwon 214 were grown in $5m^2$ concret pot with two spacings and two nitrogen levels and their ripening structure and its function were comparatively investigated to elucidate the causes of unusually low ripened grain ratio of IR667 lines. The following differences between two varieties were found. 1. Though IR667 had much lower ripened grain ratio (64%) than Jinheung (85%) grain yield(790 kg/10a) of IR667 was higher than that (760 kg/10a) of Jinheung. 2. Number of ripined grain per net assimiration rate (NAR) at 10 days after heading was a little higher in IR667 (6,490) than in Jinheung (6,360) consiting to lower grain weight ($29.9{\times}10^{-3}g$) in IR667 than $31.2{\times}10^{-3}g$ of Jinheung. But number of total grain per NAR was much higher (10,530) in IR667 than 7,290 of Jinheung indicating that it was the probable cause of low ripened grain ratio of IR667. 3. Extinction coeificient (K) was 0.115 in IR667 and 0.200 in Jinheung, thus IR667 could construct greater ripening structure per unit area. 4. Number of grain per LAI was decreased with increasing LAI at heading and the decreasing rate was similar for both IR667 and Jinheung. 5. Critical leaf area index at which crop growth rata (CGR) is maximum was 6.5 for IR667 and 5.2 for Jinheung. Below 5.2 of LAI net assimilation rate was always higher an Jinheung throughout the growing season. 6. The estimated optimum leaf area index having maximum grain yield was 7.4 for IR667 and 6.2 for Jinheung at 10 days after heading. However, actual leaf area index was 6.2 for IR-667 and 4.7 for Jinheung and these were even below critical leaf area index. 7. The decrease of LAI during ripening period was great in IR667 but photosynthesis per $m^2$ was decreased more rapidly in Jinheung. 8. Net assimilation rate (NAR) decreased with the increase of LAI at any time of ripening period. The decreasing rate of NAR with the increase of LAI was greater in IR667 with ripening. The greater decreasing rate of NAR in IR667 seemed to be attributed to low photosynthetic activity and high respiratory loss due to the requirement of higher optimum temperature of ripening. 9. Grain yield-ripened grain ratio curve showed less contribution of dry matter yield after heading to grain yield in IR667 than in Jinheung due to unfavorable ripening environment(specialy air temperature) indicating that yield of IR667 could most effectively increased through the improvement of ripening environment.