• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.1239-1249
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• 2013

In this study we establish a process to predict hardening behavior considering the Bauschinger effect for zircaloy-4 sheets. When a metal is compressed after tension in forming, the yield strength decreases. For this reason, the Bauschinger effect should be considered in FE simulations of spring-back. We suggested a suitable specimen size and a method for determining the optimum tightening torque for simple shear tests. Shear stress-strain curves are obtained for five materials. We developed a method to convert the shear load-displacement curve to the effective stress-strain curve with FEA. We simulated the simple shear forward/reverse test using the combined isotropic/kinematic hardening model. We also investigated the change of the load-displacement curve by varying the hardening coefficients. We determined the hardening coefficients so that they follow the hardening behavior of zircaloy-4 in experiments.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.419-432
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• 2010

Various torque generating devices have been developed and employed to apply a proper torque. These devices are usually calibrated by the manufacturer to apply appropriate torque levels for their specific implants and attachments. The purpose of this investigation was to determine and compare the accuracy of the torque controllers. In this study, 4 types of torque controllers were used; torque limiting device(TLD), torque indicating device(TID) and contra angle torque driver(CA), electronic torque controller(ETC). Digital torque gauge was employed to measure the de-torque value. Thirty cycles of tightening and loosening were repeated with each torque controller. All implant torque controllers have shown slight errors and deviations. The contra angle torque driver exhibited the most accurate data. In the limitation of this study, it would be recommended that the implant torque controllers should be checked whether uniformed and precise torque can be generated and a measuring error should be corrected.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2001

A number of screws are inevitably used for tightening flanges in constructing a vacuum system. A theoretical relation between the axial force and the torque exerted on a screw is easily obtained assuming that the friction force generated on the contacting plane is known, however, in practice the friction is influenced strongly by unknown detailed surface condition. It is difficult to tighten optimally and uniformly the flange seals if the screws commercially available have undefined surface conditions and scattered dimensions, and the axial force produced by the screws can not be expected properly. In this paper a scatter of the axial force over screws and the deviation from an expected one, depending on various fastening conditions, are investigated using a variety of M8, the most popular size for vacuum flanges, domestic stainless screws of hexagonal head and standard thread.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.156-171
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the strains produced by screw-tightening implant frameworks fabricated by aye different fabrication methods; (1) one-piece cast using plastic sleeve, (2) one-piece cast using gold cylinder, (3) laser welding, (4) soldering, and (5) electrical discharge machining, and also to measure and compare the strains produced when the order of screw tightening was changed A research model incorporating eighteen strain gages was made to measure the fit of implant frameworks in three dimensions. Three implants aligned in an arc were fixed on the top ends of the L-shape aluminum bars of the research model, and standard abutments were joined to the implants with abutment screws. Five types of implant framework were placed on the abutments and screwed by a torque wrench using 10 Ncm. Under the conditions of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The electrical discharge machining group showed the smallest magnitude of strain, followed by the soldering group, the laser welding group, the one-piece cast group using gold cylinder, and the one-piece cast group using plastic sleeve. However, among the magnitude of strain for the remaining groups except the electrical discharge machining group, there were not significant differences. 2. When the order of screw tightening was changed, there were not significant differences in the magnitude of strain. 3. In comparison with the electrical discharge machining group, the laser welding group and the one-piece cast groups showed greater horizontal distortion and the soldering group showed greater horizontal and vertical distortion.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.10
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• pp.1375-1381
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• 2018

In this paper, we studied coatings of the DLC thin film for improving loosening torque of dental implant screw. We used a filtered arc ion plating process which can realize the most dense DLC layer by coating the DLC thin film on the surface of the dental abutment screw. It showed both hardness comparable to diamond and low friction coefficient similar to graphite, and to improve the loosening phenomenon by increasing the screw tightening force Cr/CrN, Ti/TiN or Ti/TiN/Cr/CrN buffer layers were deposited for 5 to 10 minutes to improve the adhesion of the DLC thin film to the surface of the Ti (Gr.5), and then the DLC thin film was coated for about 15 minutes. As a result, the Cr/CrN buffer layer exhibited the highest hardness of 29.7 GPa, the adhesion of 18.62N on average, and a very low coefficient of friction of less than 0.2 as a whole. And we measured loosening torque after one million times with masticatory movement simulator. As a result, the values of the coated screw loosening torque were clearly higher than those of the uncoated screw. From this, it was found that the DLC coating was effective methods improving the loosening torque. In addition, it was confirmed that the cytotoxicity test and cell adhesion test showed high biocompatibility.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2010

Purpose: This article attempted to determine the factors affecting the preload and screw loosening. Methods: Available clinical studies from 1981 to 2008 from the PUBMED that presented screw loosening data and review articles regarding screw joint stability were evaluated. Eleven studies dealing the biomechanical principles of the screw mechanics were reviewed. Moreover, the results of our data were included. Results: The frequency of screw loosening was consequently reduced due to the advancement in torque tightening with torque wrench, screw material, coating technique for reducing the frictional force, and thread design, etc. If preload in the screw falls below a critical level, joint stability may be compromised, and the screw joint may fail clinically. The types of fatigue failure of screw were divided to adhesive wear, plastic deformation, and screw fracture. Conclusion: An optimum preload is essential to the success of the implant-abutment complex. To maintain optimum preload, using a torque wrench and re-tightening at recall time were needed.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2013

PURPOSE. This study examined the effects of the abutment types and dynamic loading on the stability of implant prostheses with three types of implant abutments prepared using different fabrication methods by measuring removal torque both before and after dynamic loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Three groups of abutments were produced using different types of fabrication methods; stock abutment, gold cast abutment, and CAD/CAM custom abutment. A customized jig was fabricated to apply the load at $30^{\circ}$ to the long axis. The implant fixtures were fixed to the jig, and connected to the abutments with a 30 Ncm tightening torque. A sine curved dynamic load was applied for $10^5$ cycles between 25 and 250 N at 14 Hz. Removal torque before loading and after loading were evaluated. The SPSS was used for statistical analysis of the results. A Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to compare screw loosening between the abutment systems. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to compare screw loosening between before and after loading in each group (${\alpha}$=0.05). RESULTS. Removal torque value before loading and after loading was the highest in stock abutment, which was then followed by gold cast abutment and CAD/CAM custom abutment, but there were no significant differences. CONCLUSION. The abutment types did not have a significant influence on short term screw loosening. On the other hand, after $10^5$ cycles dynamic loading, CAD/CAM custom abutment affected the initial screw loosening, but stock abutment and gold cast abutment did not.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.335-353
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to the determine the optimal torques values to tighten the retaining screw. 3-different implant system tested were as follows : Branemark implant system$(3.75mmD{\times}100mm)$, Steri-Oss implant system$(3.8mmD{\times}10mm)$. One fixtures of each implant system was mounted into the epoxy resin block and abutment/superstructure complex was constructed. Eighty dental college students(male : 40, female : 40) of Chosun University were selected and were asked to tighten the retaining screws. Abutment/superstructure complex of each implant system was tightened to the maximum torque by use of hand-held screw driver, and then torque value was measured with torque value was measured with torque driver(Tohnichi torque driver, model 20 FTD, Tohnichi MFG, Co., LTD., Tokyo, Japan). Abutment/superstructure complex of each implant system was titghtened to each torque of 10 N-cm, 20 N-cm and 30 N-cm, and then the dynamic load(vertical & diagonal load) was applied to the abutment / superstructure complex. The gap between abutment/superstrure in each implant system was measured with 3-dimensional measuring microscope(model No. 850, Germany). The results were as follow : 1. Torque values according to the individual subjects showed wide range. 2. Torque values according to sex showed statistical significant difference. Those are as follows : in case of male, $9.38{\pm}2.93$ N-cm ; incase of female, $7.80{\pm}2.25$ N-cm. 3. Torque values according t implant systems showed statistical significant difference. Those are as follows : in ase of Branemark implant system, $6.54{\pm}1.54$ N-cm : in ase of Steri-Oss implant system, $10.1{\pm}2.88$ N-cm ; in case of IMZ implant system, $9.18{\pm}2.17$ N-cm. 4. The more torque value of tightening screw was increased, the less the gap was after the vertical and diagonal loading. 5. The gap after the diagonal loading was greater than that after the vertical loading. 6. The magnitude of gap between abutment/superstructure in order of IMZ, Steri-Oss, Branemark implant system after the verical and diagonal loading. 7. The gap under the diagonal loading after applying 30 N-cm torque showed no statistical significant difference in cases of the Branemark system and the Steri-Oss implant system but it showed significant different in case of the IMZ implant system.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.911-917
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• 2018

Influence of the adaptors on the calibration of $100{\mu}H$ inductance standard was studied as a function of torque, applied when tightening the standard inductor terminal with the adaptor. Two different homemade adaptors of BPO gold-plated brass (BPO-Au) and banana-copper (BN-Cu) were made for the connection between the LCR meter and the inductance standard. The measured inductance (L) of the standard inductor and the contact resistance ($R_C$) between the adaptor and the standard inductor terminal showed exponential decreases against the torque increase from $25cN{\cdot}m$ to $150cN{\cdot}m$. The measured L and the calculated equivalence series resistance ($R_S$) were dependent on the adaptor type as well as on the $R_C$. The results of the adaptor analysis imply that the BPO-Au adaptor with the lower $R_C$ is more suitable for the inductance calibration. The calculated inductance of $99.956{\mu}H$ corrected by subtraction of the adaptor inductance and the contact resistance contributions from the measured value using the BPO-Au adaptor agreed well with the certificate ($99.948{\mu}H$) of the PTB within the measurement uncertainty of $140{\mu}H/H$.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.631-653
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• 2005

In this work, the mechanism of damping and its theoretical evaluation for layered aluminium cantilever structures jointed with a number of equispaced connecting bolts under an equal tightening torque have been considered. Extensive experiments have been conducted on a number of specimens for comparison with numerical results. Intensity of interface pressure, its distribution pattern, dynamic slip ratio and kinematic coefficient of friction at the interfaces, relative spacing of the connecting bolts, frequency and amplitude of excitation are found to play a major role on the damping capacity of such structures. It is established that the damping capacity of structures jointed with connecting bolts can be improved largely with an increase in number of layers maintaining uniform intensity of pressure distribution at the interfaces. Thus the above principle can be utilized in practice for construction of aircraft and aerospace structures effectively in order to improve their damping capacity which is one of the prime considerations for their design.