• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.643-650
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• 1998

본 연구의 3단계 선다형 평가 문항은 과학적 결과와 그 결과가 나온 과정 또 그러한 과정에 관계된 과학적 개념을 함께 물어 봄으로써 과학적 탐구 사고력을 의미있게 평가할 수 있고 객관식 문항형태이지만 객관식 평가의 단점인 추측의 요인을 주관식 응답에 준하여 거의 제거할 수 있다고 판단된다. 오랜 기간동안 1단계 4지선다형 또는 5지 선다형 시험에 익숙해 있던 학생들은 3단계 선다형 문항에 매우 적용하기 어렵겠고 교사들 또한 문항을 제작하는데 많은 시간과 노력이 필요하겠지만 평가가 학생들의 학습에 미치는 영향을 고려한다면 3단계 선다형 문항의 현장 도입은 절실히 필요하다. 이의 도입은 학생들의 탐구사고력의 신장에 큰 기여를 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1725-1733
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 스마트폰을 활용하여 고객에게는 편리한 대리운전 신청 기능을, 대리기사에게는 고객의 위치정보를 제공하여 신속한 서비스를 제공할 수 있는 3-tier 구조의 대리운전 시스템을 설계하고 구현하였다. 구현된 대리운전 시스템은 기존의 전화신청 방식과 스마트폰을 활용한 온라인 주문 방식을 모두 지원하며, 시스템 성능 분석을 통해 온라인 주문 비율이 높을수록 대리운전 접수와 처리의 자동화를 통해 콜센터 상담원의 업무량 감소와 대리운전 신청 처리시간 단축 효과를 제공함을 확인하였다. 대리운전 업체 입장에서는 구현된 시스템을 활용하여 상담원의 증원을 최소화하고 서비스 품질을 개선하여 고객 만족도를 향상시키고 비용 절감과 시장 점유율 확대 효과도 거둘 수 있다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.136-142
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• 2002

컴퓨터 및 초고속 정보통신망의 발전에 따라 사회는 지식 정보화 사회로 거듭나고 있고 이러한 상황에 서 국가의 경쟁력 확보를 위해 창의적이고. 논리적인 사고력을 갖춘 인재양성이 필수적이다. 이와 같은 목표를 달성하기 위해서는 정보통신 기술을 활용하여 다양한 학습방식을 도입한 열린 교육환경을 구축하고, 정보 통신망을 통한 언제, 어디서, 누구나 새로운 지식과 기술을 습득할 수 있는 평생학습 체계의 구축이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 가상교육 시스템의 사례 및 구성요소를 고찰하고, 학생 모드, 교수 모드, 관리자 모드에서 필요한 요구사항에 맞게 가상교육 시스템을 설계하였다. 시스템의 아키텍처 및 XML 3-tier 모델의 연구와 설계한 시스템에 적합한 개발 프로그램의 검토, 그리고 데이터베이스를 설계하였다. 또한, n을 기반으로 하여 웹을 통한 서비스를 제공함으로 학생, 교수 및 관리자로 하여금 원활한 가상교육이 이루어질 수 있도록 시스템의 성능 및 장애요인을 평가하여 이를 해결하였다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.2014-2034
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• 2015

This paper focuses on solving co-channel interference (CCI) issues arising in the open subscriber group (OSG) mode of heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Considering a general framework consisting of arbitrary number of picocells within a macro cell, where the inter-user interference (IUI) is the main CCI to macro user equipments (UEs), while the the inter-cell interference (ICI) is the major CCI to pico UEs. In this paper, three IA based transceiver design schemes are proposed. For macro cell, we uniformly use block diagonalization (BD) scheme to eliminate the IUI. And for picocells, three IA schemes are proposed to mitigate the ICI. The first scheme, named as zero forcing IA (ZF-IA) scheme, aligns the inter picocell interference onto an arbitrary sub-space of the cross-tier interference using ZF scheme. Considering the channel state information (CSI) of the desired channel of pico UEs, the second scheme, named as optimal desired sub-channel selected IA (ODC-IA) scheme, aligns the inter picocell interference onto a certain sub-space of the cross-tier interference, which guarantees the largest channel gain of the desired signal of pico UEs. The third IA scheme, named as maximum cross-tier interference selected IA (MI-IA) scheme, is designed for the system with less receive antennas. The inter picocell interference is aligned onto the space of the strongest cross-tier interference and only the interference on this space is nullified. The complexity analysis and simulations show that the proposed transceiver design schemes outperform the existing IA schemes in the OSG mode of HetNets, and the MI-IA scheme reduces the requirement of the receive antennas number with lower complexity.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.126-134
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was aimed to examine the financial effect of 2-tiered copayment system on annual expenditure of pharmacy benefit in the National Health Insurance (NHI) of Korea, focusing on oral antidiabetic medications. Methods: 284 oral antidiabetic products with 14 different active single ingredients listed in the National Formulary of NHI (August 2009) were assigned to tier 1 or tier 2 according to the selected criteria. 10 different combinations of coinsurance rates were selected to estimate the changes in drug expenditure cost of NHI. Results: The annual drug cost was estimated based on the drug price per unit listed in the National Formulary and the used amount of products in 2009 from the IMS Health data of Korea. In the combinations of coinsurance rate of 20% for tier 1 and 40% for tier 2, the total annual drug cost was estimated to be reduced by 1.3% in the case of no change of generic and original drug consumptions, and to be reduced by 4.3% in the case of 10% increased generic drug consumptions. Conclusion: The tiered copayment system with optimal coinsurance rates appears to be a potential strategy to reduce the financial burden of NHI in Korea by promoting the use of generic products.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2015

In this study GC and PAS were used to calculate $N_2O$ concentration of exhaust gas from Wood Chip combustion system. Fuel supplied to the incinerator was collected and analyzed and then the analysis result was used to calculate $N_2O$ emissions. Tier 3 and Tier 4 Method were used to calculate the $N_2O$ emissions. Plant's Specific emission factor of $N_2O$ by Tier 3 Method was 0.35 kg/TJ, while default emission factor of Wood?Wood Waste proposed by 2006 IPCC G/L was 4 kg/TJ. So the $N_2O$ emission factor of this study was 3.65 kg/TJ lower compared to the IPCC G/L. The total emissions calculated by Plant's specific emission factor was 4.22 kg during the measuring period, but by Tier 4 Method it was 7.88 kg. This difference in emissions was caused by the difference of continuous measuring and intermittent sampling. It would be necessary to apply continuous measuring to calculate emissions of $Non-CO_2$ gas whose the density distribution is relatively high. However currently, according to the target management guideline of greenhouse gas and energy, the continuous measuring method to calculate greenhouse gas emission is applied only to $CO_2$. Therefore for reliable greenhouse gas emission calculation it would be necessary to apply continuous measuring to calculate $Non-CO_2$ gas emission.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제65권5호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2023

Carbon neutrality in agriculture can be derived from systematic GHG reduction policies based on quantitative environmental impact analysis of GHG-emitting activities. This study is to explore how to advance the calculation of carbon emissions from agricultural activities to the detailed spatial level to a spatial Tier 3 level (Tier 2.5 level), methodologically beyond the Tier 2 approach. To estimate the GHG emissions beyond the Tier 2.5 level by region for detailed spatial units, we constructed available activity data on carbon emission impact factors such as rice cultivation, agricultural land use, and livestock. We also built and verified detailed data on emission activities at the field level through field surveys. The GHG emissions were estimated by applying the latest national emission factors and regional emission factors according to the IPCC 2019 GL based on the field-level activity data. This study has significance that it explored ways to build activity data and calculate GHG emissions through statistical data and field surveys based on parcels, one of the smallest spatial units for regional carbon reduction strategies. It is expected that by utilizing the activity data surveyed for each field and the emission factor considering the activity characteristics, it will be possible to improve the accuracy of GHG emission calculation and quantitatively evaluate the effect of applying reduction policies.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.3366-3383
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• 2020

The Poisson point process (PPP) is widely used in wireless network modeling and performance analysis because it can provide tractable results for heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets) analysis. However, it cannot accurately reflect the spatial distribution characteristics of the actual base stations (BSs). Considering the fact that the distribution of macro base stations (MBSs) is exclusive, the deployment of MBSs is modeled by the Matérn hard-core point process (MHCPP), and the deployment of pico base stations (PBSs) is modeled by PPP. This paper studies the performance of multiantenna HetNets and improves the energy efficiency (EE) of HetNets by optimizing the transmit power of PBSs. We use a simple approximate method to study the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) distribution in two-tier MHCPP-PPP HetNets and derive the coverage probability, average data rate and EE of HetNets. Then, an optimization algorithm is proposed to improve the EE of HetNets. Finally, three transmission technologies are simulated and analyzed. The results show that multiantenna transmission has better system performance than single antenna transmission and that selecting the appropriate transmit power for a PBS can effectively improve the EE of the system. In addition, two-tier MHCPP-PPP HetNets have higher EE than two-tier PPP-PPP HetNets.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.213-232
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• 2000

범죄발생 자료는 본질적으로 지리적인 속성을 내포하고 있기 때문에 범죄분석에 있어서 공간적 패턴을 파악하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 GIS의 지도화 기능과 공간통계 기법을 접목하여 범죄발생의 공간적 양상을 규명할 수 있는 ¨범죄분석 지리정보시스템¨의 원형(prototype)을 제작하였다. 이 시스템은 DBMS와 GIS를 연동하는 구조로서 점 자료(point data)의 공간분포 탐색, 범죄다발지역(hot-spot)의 지도화, 범죄발생의 군집성 분석 그리고 면(area)단위 집계자료 분석 등의 기능들로 구성된다. 시스템의 설계와 구현 과정은 객체지향 방법론에 의거하였으며, 본 시스템 이외에도 현재 개발 중에 있는 웹 기반 3-Tier 구조의 시스템은 범죄분석과 인터넷 지리정보시스템에 있어서 중요한 역할을 담당할 것으로 전망된다.

• 신재생에너지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.12-18
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• 2010

This paper reviews commercial wind mapping services provided by the oversea consulting companies, AL-PRO and anemos in Germany, AWS Truepower and 3TIER in USA. They provide quick-to-use but essential dataset for a preliminary assessment before commencing an actual feasibility study for wind farm development. Details of wind mapping method, mapresolution, data extraction height, price and so forth are compared and fresh service contents such as site analysis report are drawn from the comparison. Despite its public service, the objective value of the Renewable Energy Resource Map System of Korea Instistute of Energy Research is also confirmed and it is anticipated that the drawn new content idea will be ported to the system to enrich its applicability.