• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.2089-2099
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• 2014

Emissions from aircraft have impacts on the air pollution of airport and the surrounding area. There are methods of emissions calculated as Tier 1, Tier2, Tier 3A and Tier 3B. Thus, this study investigated emissions from aircraft at the Gimhae International Airport using EDMS(Emissions & Dispersion Modeling System) program. Results of estimation from aviation emissions, Tier 3B considering all parts which can occur at the airport has the largest amount emissions. In order to understand the relation between aviation emissions and distribution of ozone concentration over airport area, numerical evaluation were carried out. Although the difference of surface ozone distribution between numerical assessment with and without aviation emissions was little, effects of air pollution at airport area from aviation emissions of NOx and VOCs.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.975-978
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• 2005

최근 사용자 요구 사항의 증대로 기존 2계층 아키텍처 기반 시스템에서의 제약 요인을 개선한 다중 계층 아키텍처 기반의 시스템으로 전환하고 있는 추세이다. 본 연구의 목적은 기존 2계층 아키텍처 기반의 시스템과 다중 계층 아키텍처 기반의 시스템에 대한 비교 우위의 분석을 통하여 보다 나은 시스템을 도출하고, 도출된 시스템의 구현 방안을 모색하는 데에 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2계층 아키텍처와 다중 계층 아키텍처의 구성 체계를 비교한 후 다중 계층 아키텍처의 비교 우위를 알 수 있었다. 또한 이의 구현을 위한 주요 개념인 COM+, 컴포넌트, 객체등을 분석하였으며, 다중 계층 아키텍처 기반 시스템의 클라이언트 시스템 계층, 비즈니스 계층을 구현하기 위한 방안을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 2013

Carbon dioxide emission estimation methods consist of four tiers according to the IPCC guideline. In this study, estimated results by tier 3 and tier 4 were compared with the theoretically calculated $CO_2$ emissions based on the mass balance approach for a gas fired power plant between March and May 2011. It was found that the relative differences were upto 17% between the measured emissions by tier 4 and theoretically estimated emissions, while the results of tier 3 were similar to those from theoretically estimated ones. The comparisons suggested the possibility of misestimation due to replacing missing, abnormal, or invalid data in continuous emissions monitoring system. When using only the data without those missing, abnormal, or invalid data, the relative differences decreased somewhat but still showed consistent differences depending on the stack. It is suggested that this differences might be due to the accuracy of the measurement instruments for the tier 4, especially, for the flow rate measurement instrument.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.399-431
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to summarize the empirical literature on implementation of positive behavior support (PBS) within a multi-tiered system of supports in American and Korean schools and to compare its key features and outcomes in an attempt to suggest future directions for development of a Korean school-wide PBS model and implementation manuals as well as directions for future research. Twenty-four American articles and 11 Korean articles (total 35 articles) that reported the outcomes of implementation of PBS at a tier 1 and/or tier 2, or tier 3 level and that met established inclusion criteria were analyzed using systematic procedures. Comparisons were made in the areas of key features and outcomes of PBS in addition to general methodology (e.g., participants, design, implementation duration, dependent measures) at each tier of PBS. The results indicated that positive outcomes for student behavior and other areas were reported across tiers in all American and Korean studies. At the tier 1 level, teaching expectations and rules were the primary focus of PBS in American and Korean schools. However, Korean schools focused on modifying the school and classroom environments and teaching social skills whereas American schools focused on teacher training on standardized interventions or curricular by experts and teacher support during implementation of PBS. At the tier 2 level, more American studies reported implementation of tier 2 interventions within school-wide PBS, and Check/In Check/Out (CICO) was found to be the most commonly used tier 2 intervention. The results also indicated that in comparison to Korean schools, American schools were more likely to use systematic screening tools or procedures to identify students who need tier 2 interventions and more likely to promote parental involvement with implementing interventions. At the tier 3 level, more Korean studies reported the outcomes of individualized interventions, but more American studies reported that designing individualized intervention plans based on comprehensive functional behavior assessment results and establishment of systematic screening systems were focused when implementing individualized interventions. Furthermore, few Korean studies reported the assessment of procedural integrity, social validity, and contextual fit in implementing PBS across tiers, indicating the need for development of valid instruments that could be used in assessing these areas. Based on these results, limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.970-973
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• 2003

Recently, the development paradigm of enterprise information system has been moved from 2-tier environment to 3-tier environment. 3-tier environment makes possible to develop more efficient system in terms of the performance, extension, deployment and maintenance. The ship drawing process management system which manages a long-term drawing process and a great number of designers has to support an accuracy and a real-time of information but it is impossible because it is still served in 2-tier environment and some process of them is not developed yet. In this paper, we implemented the analysis and design of system based on CBD(Component Based Development) for the purpose of hanging the environment from two-dimensional Client/server architecture environment to COM＋ based 3-tier architecture environment. And by completing a development of total system, the productivity and the efficiency of the ship drawing process management system will be improved. And a wide reuse of components makes possible to improve the productivity and efficiency of system.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2004

It is notorious that PIN(Personal Identification Number) is used widely for user verification and authentication in networked environment. But, when the user Identification and password are exposed by hacking, we can be damaged monetary damage as well as invasion of privacy. In this paper, we adopt face recognition-based authentication which have nothing to worry what the ID and password will be exposed. Also, we suggest the remote authentication and verification system by considering not only 2-Tier system but also 3-Tier system getting be distributed. In this research, we analyze the face feature data using the SVM(Support Vector Machine) and PCA(Principle Component Analysis), and implement artificial intelligence face recognition module in distributed environment which increase the authentication speed and heightens accuracy by utilizing artificial intelligence techniques.

• IE interfaces
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.189-197
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• 2008

This study shows achievable capacity gain from the MMR system. Relay stations are placed along the cell boundary in tiers. We can have as many tiers of relays and as many relays in each tier as we want. A model is developed, which can estimate the system capacity varying the number of relays in each tier and the bandwidths allocated to the BS and the RS. It is shown that maximum capacity increases are 21.5% and 18.9% when we have relays in the first tier only and in the first and the second tiers, respectively.

• Journal of Information Technology and Architecture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.537-552
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• 2013

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) has led to paradigm shifts in the information management area by combining it with SOA and Mashup. System developers now have more chances to access various high-quality functions through API opened on the web. But external resources are controlled by service providers so that it raises the component's uncertainty in system management which is related to external resources. In the cloud environment, components related to external resources causes negative effects on system's maintainability by making them dependant on service providers. This study proposes a way to enhance maintainability by using stable external resources. For this work, we suggest the N+1-tier model in which an external resource tier is added to the N-tier model. After that, we analyze how adding an external resource tier affects the decreasing complexity of maintainability and improving maintainability on web application.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.2535-2544
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• 2009

The brain-wave research provides relatively various information for brain condition in safety. The counselor or measuree will must easily reduce user TCO about the series of process for the measurement, analysis, and management of brain-wave, and can access to the desired information in real time. While the traditional method for brain-wave process was processed manually by the judgment of a specialist. In this paper the developed system is smart brain-wave care system based on optimizing and combining the 3-Tier client/server by IT with brain-wave technology including BQT. This system was developed in the real-time service with a completely automated process by the conveniently web interface. Our system currently gave a service at the field, and the collected data on DB were provided to researchers for the use of clinical research.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.105-112
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• 2011

Delay reduction of vehicles at the intersection is highly dependent on the signal operation method. Improper traffic operation causes the violation of the traffic regulations and increasing traffic congestion. Delay because of congestion has contributed to the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The focus of this paper is to measure the amount of carbon dioxide when the intersection is changed to roundabout. Even though, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) recommends Tier 1 method to measure the amount of greenhouse gas from vehicles, this paper used Tier 3 method because we could use the data of average running distance per each vehicle model. Two signalized intersections were selected as the study area and the delay reductions of roundabout operation were estimated by VISSIM microscopic simulation tool. The control delay for boksu intersection reduced from 28.6 seconds to 4.4 seconds and the KRIBB intersection sharply reduced from 156.4 seconds to 23.6 seconds. In addition, carbon dioxide for two intersections reduced to 646.5 ton/year if the intersection is changed to roundabout. Future research tasks include testing the experiment for networks, as well as for various intersection types.