• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.207-228
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• 2007

Measuring Information Technology(IT) organizations' activities have been limited to mainly measure financial indicators for a long time. However, according to the multifarious functions of Information System, a number of researches have been done for the new trends on measurement methodologies that come with financial measurement as well as new measurement methods. Especially, the researches on IT Balanced Scorecard(BSC), concept from BSC measuring IT activities have been done as well in recent years. BSC provides more advantages than only integration of non-financial measures in a performance measurement system. The core of BSC rests on the cause-and-effect relationships between measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures, communication, and realization of the corporate strategy and incentive controlled actions. More recently, BSC proponents have focused on the need to tie measures together into a causal chain of performance, and to test the validity of these hypothesized effects to guide the development of strategy. Kaplan and Norton[2001] argue that one of the primary benefits of the balanced scorecard is its use in gauging the success of strategy. Norreklit[2000] insist that the cause-and-effect chain is central to the balanced scorecard. The cause-and-effect chain is also central to the IT BSC. However, prior researches on relationship between information system and enterprise strategies as well as connection between various IT performance measurement indicators are not so much studied. Ittner et al.[2003] report that 77% of all surveyed companies with an implemented BSC place no or only little interest on soundly modeled cause-and-effect relationships despite of the importance of cause-and-effect chains as an integral part of BSC. This shortcoming can be explained with one theoretical and one practical reason[Blumenberg and Hinz, 2006]. From a theoretical point of view, causalities within the BSC method and their application are only vaguely described by Kaplan and Norton. From a practical consideration, modeling corporate causalities is a complex task due to tedious data acquisition and following reliability maintenance. However, cause-and effect relationships are an essential part of BSCs because they differentiate performance measurement systems like BSCs from simple key performance indicator(KPI) lists. KPI lists present an ad-hoc collection of measures to managers but do not allow for a comprehensive view on corporate performance. Instead, performance measurement system like BSCs tries to model the relationships of the underlying value chain in cause-and-effect relationships. Therefore, to overcome the deficiencies of causal modeling in IT BSC, sound and robust causal modeling approaches are required in theory as well as in practice for offering a solution. The propose of this study is to suggest critical success factors(CSFs) and KPIs for measuring performance for IT organizations and empirically validate the casual relationships between those CSFs. For this purpose, we define four perspectives of BSC for IT organizations according to Van Grembergen's study[2000] as follows. The Future Orientation perspective represents the human and technology resources needed by IT to deliver its services. The Operational Excellence perspective represents the IT processes employed to develop and deliver the applications. The User Orientation perspective represents the user evaluation of IT. The Business Contribution perspective captures the business value of the IT investments. Each of these perspectives has to be translated into corresponding metrics and measures that assess the current situations. This study suggests 12 CSFs for IT BSC based on the previous IT BSC's studies and COBIT 4.1. These CSFs consist of 51 KPIs. We defines the cause-and-effect relationships among BSC CSFs for IT Organizations as follows. The Future Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Operational Excellence perspective. Then the Operational Excellence perspective will have positive effects on the User Orientation perspective. Finally, the User Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Business Contribution perspective. This research tests the validity of these hypothesized casual effects and the sub-hypothesized causal relationships. For the purpose, we used the Partial Least Squares approach to Structural Equation Modeling(or PLS Path Modeling) for analyzing multiple IT BSC CSFs. The PLS path modeling has special abilities that make it more appropriate than other techniques, such as multiple regression and LISREL, when analyzing small sample sizes. Recently the use of PLS path modeling has been gaining interests and use among IS researchers in recent years because of its ability to model latent constructs under conditions of nonormality and with small to medium sample sizes(Chin et al., 2003). The empirical results of our study using PLS path modeling show that the casual effects in IT BSC significantly exist partially in our hypotheses.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.39-50
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• 2001

There has been considerable controversy over the changes in the size of the beaches in the Pusan area; any loss of beach area will have an immense effect on the tourism industry, which is an important source of income for the local economy. The best beaches in Korea are in the Pusan area and were visited by more than 8 million persons in 2000. It is expected that the number of visitors, drawn to the scenic vistas and convenient facilities of this area, will increase annually. Any loss in the size of these swimming beaches will have an important negative effect on tourism income. Therefore, the local governments have gone to great lengths to preserve these beaches, transporting tens of thousands of tons of sand to the beaches before they open each year at a cost of billions of won annually. In this study, we analyzed aerial photographs and tide data for the past 50 years using digital aerial photo analysis and GIS techniques for each 3-year interval. We abstracted beach DEM (digital elevation model) and ortho aerial photographs, and conducted a space analysis. As a result, we were able to identify changes in the area and width of sections of Haeundae Beach.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.230-238
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• 2003

An effect on the enhancing production of hollow 'jumbo' structures and the condition of artificial reefs (dice and hollow jumbo structure) by side scan sonar were described. The experiment of the capture of fish in the jumbo structures and control site (non-artificial site) by trammel net and traps was done twice every year from 1998 to 2000. The relative catches by trammel net between in the jumbo structure and in the control site was significantly different in number and in weight at 5% level and also that by traps significantly different in weight. The t-test of the catch of finespotted flounder showed that the hollow jumbo structure was regarded as a breeding field because the average size of the flounder in the jumbo site was smaller than that in the control site. The search on the condition of the artificial reefs (dice and hollow jumbo structure) was performed by side scanning sonar which showed various phase of it such as accumulated, dispersed, scouring and partly buried. The result implied that in the area of sand bottom with strong tide like the western sea of Korea, the current criterion for constructing artificial reef should be modified because of the sand moving on the bottom.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.97-104
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• 2006

Though stringent guidelines are in place to protect the harbor environment, pollution from ships, from the ports terminals. Discharge from the ballast tanks of ships, though illegal, does occur. Such vessels, arriving from distant ports of call, can introduce exotic species of plants and animals, causing disruption of the local food web. Discharges rich in nitrogen can generate the rapid growth of plankton, eventually leading to a condition known as red tide that is lethal to some coastal organisms. In addition to the harbor's negative effects on marine organisms, the diesel engines of the ships and the trucks that haul cargo to and from the ports release large volumes of diesel exhaust into the atmosphere. IMO(International Maritime Organization) is strongly proceeding with adoption of a new maritime environment convention and coming into effect for regulation enhancement about the pollutants which are happened in a ship recently. Study about the conventions that our country currently comes into effect, and there is during forwarding and correspondence must be performed effectively. In this paper, International convention on the control of harmful Anti-Fouling system on ship, Ballast water management, Prevention of air pollution from ships, treat a main pending problem in ocean related environmental regulation convention.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.158-163
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to observe the effect on the marine environment by the use of Nano-S. Nano-S was made to apply to improve the red tide bloom. The experiment was performed at round tank with volume of 180 L. Each tank was filled with an aggravated sediment about $14{\pm}1cm$ hight and sea water. The water flow-rate of tank was established on the rate of 6.25 L/hr. Sea water level was fitted to 40 cm, therefore the filled water was about 150 L. The sediment was stabilized during one week. Then the Nano-S and the red mud were added into each tank 0 kg(control), 1 kg(tank A), 2 kg(tank B), 5 kg(tank C) and 10 kg(tank D) each other. The quantity was fulfilled with 0 kg(control), 2.75 kg(tank A), 5.51 kg(tank B), 13.77 kg(tank C) and 27.55 kg(tank D) per square meter of sediment. The experiment was performed during 30 days. Water and sediment samples were collected from each tanks on the before 1hour and after 1, 3, 6, 12 hour and 1st, 3th, 5th, 7th, 10th, 15th, 30th day of the experiment period. The change of water and sediment quality was analyzed before and after applying the Nano-S and the red mud.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2012

Worldwide development of harmful algal blooms causes serious problem for public health and fisheries industries. To evaluate the algicidal impact on the harmful algae bloom species in aquatic ecosystems of coast, a new algicide thiazolidinedione derivative (TD49) were tentatively examined in the growth stages (i.e., lag, logarithmic and stationary phase) of rapidophyceae $Heterosigma$ $akashiwo$, $Chattonella$ $marina$ and $Chattonella$ sp..Three strains could easily destroy in the lag phase due to relatively weak cell walls than those of the logarithmic and stationary phase. It is thought that inoculation of TD49 substances into initial or developmental natural blooms with a threshold concentration ($2{\mu}M$) can maximize the algicidal activity. Also, bio-chemical assays revealed that the algicidal substances from all culture strains were likely to be extracellular substances because those cells have easily destroyed in cell walls. On the other hand, natural zooplankton communities were influenced within the exposure experiments of $2{\mu}M$, which is showed the maximum algcidal activity of tested organisms. These results indicate that although the TD49 substance is potential agents for the control of $H.$ $akashiwo$, $C.$ $marina$ and $Chattonella$ sp. in the enclosed eutrophic bay and coastal water, more detailed research of acute toxicity effect on high trophic organism in marine ecosystems need to be conducted.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.38 no.5 s.154
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• pp.401-413
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• 2005

This study analyzed the hydraulic effects of Singok submerged weir in the lower Han River. 1-D hydraulic flood routing model was used and calibration and verification were performed using 8 flood or nonflood events. Flow characteristics were analyzed using various outflows of Paldang Dam and tidal data of the Yellow Sea. Water level increase effects by establishment of Singok submerged weir were as following, when maximum flood tidal was 2.4m, highest water level increased about 0.65m, and lowest water level increased about 1.25m in the downstream of Jamsil submerged weir. In Hangang Bridge, due to the Singok submerged weir, when maximum flood tidal was 2.4m, tidal range was 0.07m and decrement of tidal range was about $90\%$. And when maximum flood tidal was 5.5m, tidal range was 1.6m and decrement of tidal range was about $35\%$. When the outflow of Paldang Dam was over 20,000cms, tidal range was below about 0.06m, and tidal effect did not appear hardly.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.233-246
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine whether a MBTI based self growth program had any effect on improving the ego identity, self efficacy, interpersonal relations ability and adjustment of nursing students. Method: The subjects in this study were 56 juniors who were majoring in nursing science at H and S college in Chungnam province. At each college, an experimental group and a control group were organized with 26 and 30 students respectively, and the data were gathered at H college from April 6 through May 14, 2004, and at S college from May 31 through July 3, 2004. A MBTI based self growth program was conducted 10 times for five weeks, twice a week and for 120 minutes each. And the ego identity, self efficacy, interpersonal relations ability and adjustment of the selected students were measured and compared to see if that program has any effect on above variables. For data handling, SAS 8.0 program was employed. Fisher's exact test and unpaired t-test were used to confirm whether or not the experimental and control groups were equivalent. Before the experiment, their ego identity, self efficacy, interpersonal relations ability and adjustment were tested by one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's multiple comparison in consideration of their general characteristics, and paired t-test and ANCOVA were utilized to see if that program brought any changes to their ego identity, self efficacy, interpersonal relations ability and adjustments. Result: The findings of the study were as follows; After the MBTI based self growth program was applied, the experimental groups made a significant progress in ego identity than the control groups. And the experimental groups underwent a significantly change in ego identity after the experiment, compared to the control groups. The experimental groups showed a significant improvement in self efficacy than the control group, and the experimental groups showed significant change in self efficacy than the control groups after the experiment. The experimental group showed a significant progress in interpersonal relations ability than the control group did, and the former groups underwent significant change in that regard than the control groups after the experiment. There was no difference in adjustment between the experimental and control groups. The experimental groups showed significant change in adjustment than the control groups after the experiment, but the difference was insignificant. After this program was implemented, the students underwent changes in self understanding, self accepting, understanding others and accepting others. They also had more confidence and more positive self images, and they were better able to tide over difficulties with others. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that the MBTI based self growth program might serve to enhance the ego identity, self efficacy and interpersonal relations ability of the nursing students and brought inner changes to them. Therefore, the MBTI based self growth program was expected to make a great contribution to the character building of nurses.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.237-246
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• 2022

Owing to their high bioproductivity and unique physical environment, estuarine wetlands are gaining importance in national biodiversity management and habitat conservation. With regard to conservation and management of estuarine wetlands, this study analyzed the ecological characteristics of Gahwacheon Estuarine Wetland, an open estuary with various habitat types. Data from vegetation and biotic surveys have shown that 12 plant communities of five physiognomic vegetation types, including lentic herbaceous vegetation, halophytic herbaceous vegetation, and chasmophytic herbaceous vegetation. Due to the discharge of Namgang Dam and the effect of the tide, vegetation are distributed along the narrow waterside area. In terms of biodiversity, a total of 715 species, including 12 endangered wildlife species, were identified. Species diversity was relatively high in sections I and III where various riverbed structures and microhabitats were distributed. Due to the effect of the brackish water area following the inflow of seawater, endangered wildlife of various functional groups were also found to be distributed, indicating the high conservation value of that area. The collection of ecological information of the Gahwacheon Estuarine Wetland can be used as a framework for establishing the basis for conservation and management of the estuarine ecosystem and support policy establishment.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.320-324
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• 2008

In order to identify the change of tidal characteristics on average in the Asan Bay due to the construction of the Hwaong (Namyang Bay) tidal barrier (HTB), the tide data at Pyongtack (PT) and Anheung (AH) for the periods from 1993 to 2006 were analyzed using the harmonic analysis method, and major and shallow water tidal constituents were compared. The semidiurnal tidal amplitudes at PT increased while those at AH decreased after the tidal barrier construction. In particular, the amplitudes at PT increased abruptly during the period of $2002{\sim}2003$ when HTB was completed. On the other hand, the amplitudes of the diurnal tides at PT and AH showed minimal change. This suggests that the tidal characteristics change in the Asan Bay may be related to the construction of HTB. The cause of this change is different from either blocking the tidal wave propagation by the Keum River tidal barrier or removing 'choking effect' by the Yeongsan River tidal barrier. The $M_4/M_2$ ratio increased and their phase difference decreased after the completion of HTB. Accordingly, these changes may result in increase of tidal range, decrease of the flood duration and increase of the flood current velocity, inducing more sediments into the Asan Bay.