• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.202-205
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• 2017

The potential risk of heavy metals and residual pesticides in imported sawdust media inoculated with oak mushroom cultures is a concern for safe mushroom production in Korea. To obtain preliminary data for a sound analysis of this risk, this study was undertaken to analyze the presence of heavy metals and residual pesticides in the oak mushroom media imported from six different regions in China, between 2013 and 2015. Lead, arsenic, chrome, mercury, and cadmium were analyzed; arsenic, chrome, and mercury were not detected. Lead was detected in the imported oak mushroom media from Jinlin, Shandong, Liaoning, and Tianjin. The detection level of lead ranged from 1.7 to 3.2 mg/kg. Cadmium was detected at a level of 0.028 to 0.037 mg/kg in the media from Shandong and Liaoning. No residual pesticides were detected in any of the samples.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.25-35
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• 1997

오늘날 열대림 면적의 급격한 감소, 지구온난화등 지구환경 보전의 관점에서 이들 목재이외의 자원의 활용 및 양마와 같은 새로운 비목재자원 개발의 중요성이 재인식되기에 이르렀으며, 이 가운데서 양마는 생장이 라르고 수확량이 크며, 목질부의 단섬유는 물론 긴 섬유장을 가진 인피부섬유로 구성되어 있고, 실리카함량도 매우 적어, 특히 산림자원이 부족한 개발도상국에서 펄프.제지용 자원으로서 주목되고 있다. 양마가펄프.제지용자원으로서 오늘날과 같은 세계적 주목을 받게 된 것은 미국 농무성 북부지역연구센타 에서 이루어진 “새로운 섬유작물”에 관한 기초연구에서 양마가 제지용 섬유작물로서 높이 평가되고 있다. 양마의 경우 인피부는 비교적 리그닌함량이 적고, 목질부는 활엽수재에 가까운 리그닌을 함유하고 있는데다, 섬유형태에 있어서도 인피부와 목질부간에 큰 차이가 발견된다. 본 연구에서는 양마를 중성아황산법으로 전처리하여 제조한 반화학펄프로 부터 제조한 종이의 광학적 성질을 검토하였다 펄프의 광학적 성질은 원료의 화학적 조성,섬유의 형태, 부위.화학적 처리정도, 원료의 저장기간 및 충전제의 첨가에 따라 크게 영향을 받았다. 장섬유와 낮은 리그닌함량을 가진 전간부 펄프시트는 불투명도가 낮았으며, 목질부 펄프로부터 상대적으로 밀도가 다소 높고, 불투명도도 높은 종이를 만들 수 있었다. 펄프원료의 저장기간이 백색도를 낮추었으며, 불투명도에는 그다지 영향하지 않았다. 약품전처리 및 표백이 백색도 및 불투명도에 크게 영향하였고, 특히 충전제 첨가로 광산란을 증가시켜 불투명도가 높은 종이를 제조할 수 있었다.6. CL종의 난황콜레스테롤 수준에 대한 계란의 일령 상호간에는 전체적으로 상호간에 차이가 없었다. 7. 26주령시 혈중콜레스테롤 수준은 CL종이 다른 두 육계종들 보다 유의적 (P$\leq$0.05)으로 높았다. 8. 성별간 혈중콜레스테롤 수준의 차이는 CL종, BR1 및 BR2 중에서 CL종에서만 나타났으며, 수컷은 암킷보다 혈액 100 mL당 약 90 mg이 낮았다.구체적인 생화학적인 연구가 이루어져야 될 것으로 여겨진다.야 할 것으로 사료된다. 냉장 저장을 하고 저장기간이 길어질 경우는 냉동저장을 사용하는 것이 바람직하다고 생각된다.S, FOS나 말티톨로 대체된 스폰지 케익은 설탕 100% 사용한 케익과 비교하여 크게 나쁘지 않거나 휠씬 나은 특성을 보이므로 스폰지 케익 제조에 그들의 이용이 가능함을 확인하였다.thione 같은 다른 항산화제의 절약 효과, CYP2El의 유도 저하를 통하는 것으로 생각되며 그중 어떤 것에 가장 큰 영향을 받는 지는 아직 알려지지 않았고 더욱 많은 연구가 요구된다.우와 사료에 $\omega$3계 지방산 급원을 첨가, 동물에게 이행시켜 $\omega$3계 지방산 강화식품을 제조하는 두 가지 방법이 있을 수 있는데 전자는 통조림, 과자, 건강보조식품류에 다용되며 후자는 다양한 기능성 축산식품에 활용되고 있다. $\omega$3계 지방산 강화 축산식품에는 돼지고기, 우유, 치이즈, 계란, 분유, 햄 등 다양한 제품에 활용, 개발되고 있으며 최근에는 이러한 식품 개발에 더욱 박차가

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1296-1302
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• 2015

This study was conducted to examine the effects of supplementing brown seaweed by-products (BSB) in the diet of ruminants on ruminal fermentation characteristics, growth performance, endocrine response, and milk production in Holstein cows. In Experiment 1, the effects of different levels (0%, 2%, and 4% of basal diet as Control, 2% BSB, 4% BSB, respectively) of BSB were evaluated at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h in vitro batch culture rumen fermentation. The pH tended to be higher for the higher level of BSB supplementation, with the pH at 12 h being significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the control. The concentration of ammonia nitrogen was lower at 3, 9, 12, and 24 h incubation (p<0.05) compared with the control, and tended to be low at other incubation times. Volatile fatty acid concentration appeared to be minimally changed while lower values were observed with 4% BSB treatment at 24 h (p<0.05). In Experiment 2, effects of levels (0%, 2%, and 4%) of BSB on growth performance, endocrine responses and milk production were studied with Holstein dairy cows during transition. Dry matter intake, daily gain and feed efficiency were not affected by BSB supplementation. The concentration of plasma estrogen for the control, 2% BSB and 4% BSB after three months of pregnancy were 55.7, 94.1, and 72.3 pg/mL, respectively (p = 0.08). Although the differences of progesterone levels between BSB treatments and the control were minimal, the concentration in 4% BSB treatment increased to 157.7% compared with the initial level of the study. Triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels were also higher after both three months and eight months of pregnancy than the initial level at the beginning of the study. In addition, BSB treatments during one month after delivery did not affect daily milk yield and composition. In conclusion, the present results indicate that supplementation of BSB did not compromise ruminal fermentation, and animal performance at lower levels and hence may have potential to be used as a safe feed ingredient in dairy cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1504-1512
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• 2009

A feeding trial was conducted to examine the effect of high-temperature-micro-time (HTMT) processing of diets containing extruded soybean (ESB) in high quantity on milk fat production, metabolic responses, and the formation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-vaccenic acid (TVA). Twenty-one multiparous Holstein cows in mid-lactation were blocked according to milk yield in the previous lactation. Cows within each block were randomly assigned to either normal concentrate or HTMT treated diets containing ESB (7.5% HTMT-ESB and 15% HTMT-ESB). It was hypothesized that the HTMT-ESB would affect the undegradable fatty acids in the rumen and, thus, would modify the fatty acid profile of milk fat. Both 7.5% and 15% HTMT-ESB did not affect milk yield, fat, protein, lactose and solid-not-fat (SNF), but the proportion of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat was significantly increased by these treatments. Content of TVA in milk fat was not affected by HTMT-ESB. The HTMT-ESB influenced the fatty acid profile in milk fat, but there was little difference between 7.5% and 15% of supplementation. HTMT-ESB feeding significantly decreased the concentration of plasma insulin and glucose, while plasma growth hormone (GH), triglyceride (TG), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and HDLcholesterol were increased by 7.5% and 15% ESB-HTMT supplementation in comparison to the control group (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in plasma LDL-cholesterol, insulin like growth factor (IGF)-1, T3, T4, and leptin concentrations among treatments (p>0.05). The present results showed that cis-9, trans-11 CLA production was increased by HTMT treatment of dietary ESB without reduction of milk fat, and the unchanged milk fat and yield was assumed to be associated with the constant level of thyroid hormones, leptin, and IGF-1.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.81-95
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• 2015

The permeability behavior of Ariake clays has been investigated by constant rate of strain (CRS) consolidation tests with vertical or radial drainage. Three types of Ariake clays, namely undisturbed Ariake clay samples from the Saga plain, Japan (aged Ariake clay), clay deposit in shallow seabed of the Ariake Sea (young Ariake clay) and reconstituted Ariake clay samples using the soil sampled from the Saga plain, were tested. The test results indicate that the deduced permeability in the horizontal direction ($k_h$) is generally larger than that in the vertical direction ($k_v$). Under odometer condition, the permeability ratio ($k_h/k_v$) increases with the vertical strain. It is also found that the development of the permeability anisotropy is influenced by the inter-particle bonds and clay content of the sample. The aged Ariake clay has stronger initial inter-particle bonds than the young and reconstituted Ariake clays, resulting in slower increase of $k_h/k_v$ with the vertical strain. The young Ariake clay has higher clay content than the reconstituted Ariake clay, resulting in higher values of $k_h/k_v$. The microstructure of the samples before and after the consolidation test has been examined qualitatively by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image and semi-quantitatively by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests. The SEM images indicate that there are more cut edges of platy clay particles on a vertical plane (with respect to the deposition direction) and there are more faces of platy clay particles on a horizontal plane. This tendency increases with the increase of one-dimensional (1D) deformation. MIP test results show that using a sample with a larger vertical surface area has a larger cumulative intruded pore volume, i.e., mercury can be intruded into the sample more easily from the horizontal direction (vertical plane) under the same pressure. Therefore, the permeability anisotropy of Ariake clays is the result of the anisotropic microstructure of the clay samples.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.245-251
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary maifanite supplementation and fecal collection method on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) and blood parameters in growing pigs. Methods: Thirty-six growing barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire; $27.0{\pm}2.6kg$) were allotted to six dietary treatments with 6 pigs per treatment according to body weight in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments were: i) Low Ca+cornstarch (2.25%), ii) Low Ca+maifanite (2.25%), iii) Medium Ca+cornstarch (1.42%), iv) Medium Ca+maifanite (1.42%), v) High Ca+cornstarch (0.64%), and vi) High Ca+maifanite (0.64%). Feces were collected by the total collection (TC) and indicator method (IM). At the beginning and the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from each pig. Results: For the TC method, there were no difference in Ca intake, fecal Ca output, Ca retention and the ATTD of Ca between cornstarch and maifanite diets at the same dietary Ca level. However, urinary Ca excretion was lower (p = 0.01) in pigs fed low Ca diets without maifanite supplementation compared with other dietary treatments. Dietary maifanite supplementation had no effect on the P metabolism in growing pigs. For the IM method, there was no difference in Ca digestibility between cornstarch and maifanite diets at the same dietary Ca level. The ATTD of P was greater (p<0.01) in pigs fed the high Ca diet with maifanite supplementation compared with the high Ca diet with cornstarch treatment. Dietary inclusion of maifanite had no effect on blood parameters in growing pigs. Conclusion: Dietary maifanite supplementation had no effect on the ATTD of Ca and P and serum parameters in growing pigs. The IM resulted in lower digestibility values than the TC method.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.411-423
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• 2017

The spacial potential source contribution function (PSCF) method was utilized by considering topography and height of back trajectories based on the measurement of organic typo matter (OM), $NO_3{^-}$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, and $NH_4{^+}$ at the Baegryungdo Super Site ($37^{\circ}57^{\prime}N$, $124^{\circ}37^{\prime}E$, 135 m a.s.l. (above sea level)) for three selected periods (i.e., January~April, May~August, and September~December) in 2013. The PSCF were calculated on the contributions of trans-boundary transport to the hourly mean concentrations using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). The cluster analysis using back trajectories was performed to identify the major airflows to the sampling site. The upper atmosphere in the Tianjin area of China and the lower atmosphere in the western coast area of Korea can be the major source of trans-boundary pollution to the sampling site during January~April resulted from PSCF. The area in Lianyungang-city and Liaoning-sheng, China can be responsibile for the nitrogen related secondary compounds during May~August, and Shandong Peninsula in China is the major source area during September~December. In addition, relationships between the cluster analysis of back trajectories and PSCF were investigated for the statistically significance level for the source areas.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2012

Recently, vessel hijacking by pirates has been a big issue around the world. For example, the hostages of VLCC "SAMHO Dream" were released for a large sum of ransom. On January 20, 2011 "SAMHO Jewelry" succeeded releasing all of the 21 crews on the vessel by attacking the pirates in international waters for the first time since the founding of the Naval Force. Furthermore, the "HANJIN Tianjin" crews evacuated to the Citadel promptly and were rescued by the navy. As hijacking of Korean vessels by pirates is increasing, various safety measures must be implemented. As a matter of fact, the standard for ship's facilities has been partially revised and setting up an evacuation shelter on all vessels sailing dangerous zone has been reinforced. This research aims to discuss crew Citadel installation on vessels intended for long haul. In addition, it will look at measures against potential gas flow in the event of pirate armed attacks and fire outbreak onboard a vessel. It will also assess the optimal number of crew Citadels theoretically. Lastly, the optimal number of shelters in the event of fire outbreak will be discussed based on an FDS simulation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.135-139
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• 2014

Anastatus orientalis Yang et Gibson(Hymenoptera : Eupelmidae) is the egg parasitoid of lantern-fly Lycorma delicatula. The natural parasitism showed that: (1)the highest parasitism rate of egg masses was 68.96% in Yantai Shandong; (2)the highest parasitism rate of eggs was 32.98% in Haidian Beijing; (3)the eggs of parasitoids hatched and emerged earliest in Yangling Shaanxi; emergence time of different populations in Yantai, Guangang Tianjin, Qinhuangdao Hebei and Haidian was similar; (4) the sex ratios were various among the populations ranging from 1.92 to 1.94; (5) parasitism rates of egg masses on Populus sp., Salix sp. and Toona sinensis were not significantly different, the highest parasitism rate of egg masses was 64.3% on T. sinensis, and the lowest rate was 27.4% on Ailanthus altissima; (6)parasitism rates of eggs on Populus sp., Salix sp., T. sinensis and A. altissima were not significantly different, about 30% averagely.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.13
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• pp.5181-5186
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• 2014

Tumors have evolved numerous mechanisms by which they can escape from immune surveillance. One of these is to produce immunosuppressive cytokines. Transforming growth factor-${\beta}$(TGF-${\beta}$) is a pleiotropic cytokine with a crucial function in mediating immune suppression, especially in the tumor microenvironment. TGF-${\beta}$ produced by T cells has been demonstrated as an important factor for suppressing antitumor immune responses, but the role of tumor-derived TGF-${\beta}$ in this process is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that knockdown of tumor-derived TGF-${\beta}$ using shRNA resulted in dramatically reduced tumor size, slowing tumor formation, prolonging survival rate of tumor-bearing mice and inhibiting metastasis. We revealed possible underlying mechanisms as reducing the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and $CD4^+Foxp3^+$ Treg cells, and consequently enhanced IFN-${\gamma}$ production by CTLs. Knockdown of tumor-derived TGF-${\beta}$ also significantly reduced the conversion of na$\ddot{i}$ve $CD4^+$ T cells into Treg cells in vitro. Finally, we found that knockdown of TGF-${\beta}$ suppressed cell migration, but did not change the proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells in vitro. In summary, our study provided evidence that tumor-derived TGF-${\beta}$ is a critical factor for tumor progression and evasion of immune surveillance, and blocking tumor-derived TGF-${\beta}$ may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for cancer.