• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1203-1210
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• 1999

Soy sauce was fermented with the addition of mountain edible herbs, Ligularia fischeri, Codonopsis lanceolata and Symphytum officinale. In general, the total nitrogen content of soy sauce was increased with the increment of the amount of added mountain herbs. The mineral contents of calcium and potassium in the soy sauce after four months of aging at 20% substitution of Codonopsis lanceolata were increased by 1.3 and 1.5 times, respectively. With 10% substitution of mountain herb mixtures, the contents of tyrosine and arginine were increased by about 2 times as compared to the control. In the Rec assay system, antimutagenic effect of soy sauce with 10 and 20% substitution of Codonopsis lanceolata was higher than other samples. The results of sensory evaluation revealed that overall acceptability of soy sauce with 7% substitution of Codonopsis landeolata and 5% of mountain herb mixture exceeded other groups of samples.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2003

Follicular fluid(FF) of mammalian Graafian follicles contains various kinds of proteins and proteinases that are believed to play important roles during follicular growth oocyte maturation and ovulation of mature oocytes. Previous studies of human FF(hFF) demonstrated the presence of many serine/threonine proteinases and matrix metalloproteinases such as gelatinases, however, little is known about the caseinases. Present study was aimed to examine the presence and the property of caseinolytic enzyme in hFF. Using casein zymographic method, it was found that hFF, human adult serum and cord serum exhibited one intense 80 kDa and another weak 78 kDa bands having caseinolytic activity. When inhibitors were added to the zymographic substrate buffer, caseinolytic activity of both 80 kDa and 78 kDa proteins were inhibited by othylenediarnine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) or soybean trypsin inhibitor(SBTI), but not by E-64, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride(PMSF) or 1,10-phenanthroline. Thus both enzymes appear to belong to a family of trypsin-like enzyme. Addition of EDTA to the zymographic substrate buffer almost abolished the caseinolytic activity of both enzymes. However, further addition of a divalent metal ion such as CaC $l_2$, MgC $l_2$, MnC $l_2$ or ZnC $l_2$ to the same buffer fully restored the enzyme activity at 5 mM concentration despite the presence of EDTA. Based upon these observations, 80 kDa and 78 kDa caseinolytic enzymes are present in human follicular fluid and they appear to be trypsin-like enzymes of which caseinolytic activity needs the presence of $Ca^{++}$, aM $g^{++}$, M $n^{++}$ or Z $n^{++}$././././.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.6 no.4 s.13
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• pp.1-8
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• 1990

For the purpose of supplying the imformation to improve the acceptability of soy paste as the condiment, the changes of enzyme activity, general component and flavor compounds (Free amino acid, Nucleic acid related compounds, and peptide) during improved soy paste fermentation were determined. The results were as follows; 1. The protease activity during fermentation were increased continuously, but amylase activity were decreased in 45 day fermentation. Cellulase activity were slowly increased until 45 day, and then slowly decreased. 2. Total nitrogen contents were almost constant during fermentation, but amino nitrogem were increased rapidly. Reducing sugar were not constant, but increased in the end of fermentation. PH were decreased to pH 4.97. 3. Total contents of free amino acid as flavor compound were rapidly increased in 10 day fermentation, but were constant in $30{\sim}60$ day. Aspartic acid contents were increased continuously, but glutamic acid were increased slowly until 30 day fermentation and were almost constant. IMP and GMP contents showed increasing pattern during fermentation.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.207-213
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• 2015

Free amino acid and mineral analysis of beverages with Gugija (Lycii fructus) extracts performed to determine the antioxidative and anti-diabetes activities of the beverages. The four major free amino acids in the water- or ethanol-extracts of the Gugija beverages were asparagine (115.23, 51.95 mg%), methionine (20.02, 22.07 mg%), aspartic acid (19.65, 13.72 mg%) and taurine (18.64, 22.44 mg%). The mineral contents of the Gugija beverages with water- and ethanol-extracts were in the order K>Mg>Na>Ca>Zn>Fe. Antioxidant activity determined by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. There was no significant difference in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities between the water-extract beverages and the ethanol-extract beverages, although more phenolics and flavonoids were found in the ethanol-extract beverage. Higher anti-${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity was observed in the ethanol-extract beverage compared to acabose, which was used as the control and is an inhibitor of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, suggesting that the Gugija beverage with ethanol extract could be a potential hypoglycemic agent.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.708-714
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate the influence of age on the physicochemical properties of strip loin (m. longissimus lumborum), chuck tender (m. supraspinatus), and eye of round (m. semitendinosus) of Hanwoo cows. Hanwoo cows (n=126; 24-194 mon; live weight, 270-500 kg) were slaughtered and three muscles were obtained according to 3 age groups (G1, < 5 years old; G2, 6-8 years old; G3, > 9 years old). The chuck tender had significantly higher protein contents in G3 than in G1 or G2 (p<0.05). For strip loin and chuck tender, G1 had significantly higher intramuscular fat contents than G3 (p<0.05). The chuck tender had significantly higher $b^*$ (yellowness) values for G2 than for G1 (p<0.05). The three muscles had significantly higher cooking loss (%) and lower WHC (%) in G3 than in G1 or G2 (p<0.05). WBS values of strip loin were significantly higher in G3 than in the other groups (p<0.05). The three muscles had higher C18:1n9 in G1 than that in the other groups. The total content of saturated fatty acids was significantly higher in G3 than in G1 for all 3 muscles (p<0.05). Regarding free amino acid contents, G1 had significantly higher contents of threonine, alanine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, and lysine in the strip loin than G2 or G3 (p<0.05). In conclusion, young cow beef were higher in the WHC, intramuscular fat and free amino acids contents, whereas old cow beef had higher cooking loss and WBS (p<0.05).

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 2002

Thirteen groups, each consisting of 25 juveniles (0.64 g) of the Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli were reared in aquaria after period of one week conditioning. Each group was fed with one of the 13 diets at the rate of 7~10% body weight (on a dry-matter basis) 2 times a day for 6 weeks. Each diet was supplemented with one of the following amino acids at 3g/kg diet: Alanine (Ala), Arginine (Arg), Glycine(Gly), Glutamate (Glu), Histidine (His), Isoleusine(Ile), Lysine (Lys), Methionine (Met), Phenylalanine (Phe), Proline (Pro), Threonine (Thr), Tryptophan (Trp) or Valine (Val). Groups fed with Pro, Thr, Met or Gly-supplemented diet showed significantly (p<0.05) higher weight gain and faster specific growth rate than the groups fed on other diets, while those fed Pro, Thr, Met or Gly were not significantly different each other(P>0.05). Feed efficiency (FE) of fish fed Pro was significantly higher than those fed the other diets except that fed Thr (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between FE of fish fed Pro and Thr, and among FE of fish fed Thr, Met and Gly (P>0.05). The requirement of rockfish is higher for Met and Thr. Extra Pro and/or Gly may also stimulate biosynthesis of the nucleic acids (IMP, GMP) which are known as the feed stimulant in fish.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1322-1330
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to determine standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) of commonly used feed ingredients in poultry diets in Pakistan. These feed ingredients included corn, rice broken (RB), rice polishings (RP), wheat bran (WB), sunflower meal (SFM), cottonseed meal (CSM), guar meal (GM), soybean meal (SBM) from India and Argentine and fish meal (FM). The SIAAD of each ingredient was determined in triplicate using 21-days-old broilers. Day-old male broiler chicks (Hubbard${\times}$ Hubbard) were reared on corn-SBM based diet from 1 to 13 days and thereafter birds were fed experimental diets from day 14 to 21. Each diet was fed to 36 birds kept in six replicate cages, each cage had six birds. In cereals, the SIAAD of corn's amino acid (AA) (90.1%) was similar (p>0.05) to RB (89.0%). Isoleucine (97.8%) and lysine (96.9%) were highly digestible AA in corn and RB, respectively. Among cereal-by products, WB's SIAAD (76.9%) was same (p>0.05) as RP (71.9%). Arginine from WB (82.5%) and RP (83.2%) was highly digestible. However, threonine in WB (72.7%) and leucine in RP (69.6%) were the lowest digestible AAs. In plant protein meals, AAs from Argentine-SBM (85.1%) and Indian-SBM (83.4%) had higher (p<0.5) SIAAD than other protein meals. However, SIAAD of SFM (77.1%) and CSM (71.7%) was intermediate while GM (60.3%) exhibited the lowest (p<0.05) SIAAD among all ingredients. Arginine from GM (76.9%), CSM (85.8%), SBM-India (89.5%) and SBM-Argentine (91.5%) was highly digestible from indispensable AAs. In SFM, methionine (91.4%) SIAAD was the greatest. The average SIAAD of FM was 77.6%. Alanine from FM had the highest (84.0%) but cysteine (62.8%) had the lowest SIAAD. In conclusion, cereals i.e. corn and RB had higher (p<0.05) SIAAD of the cereals by-products. The SIAAD of RP and WB was same (p>0.05). The SBM from plant protein meals had higher (p<0.05) SIAAD than other studied feed ingredients. However, the GM had the lowest (p<0.05) SIAAD among protein meals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.86-94
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and amino acid (AA) digestibility of sunflower seed meal (SFSM) and to use this data to develop prediction equations for estimating AA digestibility for growing pigs. Ten SFSM were collected from five provinces in China. Twelve barrows ($38.8{\pm}4.6kg$), fitted with ileal T-cannula were allotted into two $6{\times}6$ Latin square designs. Each of six experimental periods comprised a 5-d adaption period followed by a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The ten test diets contained 50% SFSM as the sole source of AA. Another nitrogen-free diet was used to measure the basal endogenous losses of crude protein (CP) and AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an inert marker in each diet. There was considerable variation (CV>10%) among the ten SFSM in chemical composition (dry matter [DM]). The concentration of CP and ether extract (EE) ranged from 29.33% to 39.09% and 0.88% to 11.33%, respectively. Crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre ranged from 21.46% to 36.42%, 38.15% to 55.40%, and 24.59% to 37.34%, respectively. There was variation among the ten SFSM in apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) for lysine and threonine, which ranged from 63.16 to 79.21 and 55.19% to 72.04% for AID and 67.03% to 82.07% and 61.97% to 77.01% for SID, respectively. The variation in CP and methionine ranged from 60.13% to 74.72% and 74.79% to 88.60% for AID and 66.70% to 79.31% and 77.16% to 90.27% for SID, respectively. Methionine was a good indicator to predict AA digestibility. These results indicate that conventional chemical composition of SFSM was variable (CV>10%) among the ten SFSM (DM). The results of AID, SID and prediction equations could be used to evaluate the digestibility of SFSM in growing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.691-699
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• 2013

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the metabolizable energy (ME) value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of soybean meal (SBM), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM), and the application of these products in early-weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, four barrows with initial body weight (BW) of $14.2{\pm}1.4$ kg were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 25% of corn in diet 1 with one of the three soybean products, and the digestable energy (DE) and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, four barrows (initial BW of $18.2{\pm}1.5$ kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, ninety six piglets (initial BW of $5.6{\pm}0.9$ kg) weaned at $21{\pm}2$ d were blocked by weight and assigned to one of three treatments for a 21-d growth performance study. The control diet was based on corn and SBM, the two treatments' diets contained either 10% SPC or FSBM and were formulated to same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal. The results showed that the ME content of SPC was greater than SBM (p<0.05). The SID of most AA in SPC was greater than the SID of AA in SBM (p<0.05). For the essential AA, the SID of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and threonine in FSBM were greater than in SBM (p<0.05). Even though they were fed same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal diets, pigs fed SPC and FSBM diets had greater weight gain, G:F (p<0.05) and better fecal score (p<0.05) than pigs fed SBM diet. In conclusion, SPC showed a higher ME content and SID of AA than the SBM. SID of some essential AA in FSBM was higher than SBM and was similar with SPC. But the lower antigenic proteins and anti-nutritional factors content in SPC and FSBM may be the main factors affecting the performance of early-weaned piglets rather than the increased ME content and SID of AA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.394-402
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• 2003

Individual and combined supplementation of phosphorus-adequate, wheat-based broiler diets with exogenous phytase and xylanase was evaluated in three experiments. The effects of the enzyme combination in lysine-eficient diets containing wheat and sorghum were more pronounced than those of the individual feed enzymes. The inclusion of phytase plus xylanase improved (p<0.05) weight gains (7.3%) and feed efficiency (7.0%) of broilers (7-28 days post-hatch) and apparent metabolisable energy (AME) by 0.76 MJ/kg DM. Phytase plus xylanase increased (p<0.05) the overall, apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids by 4.5% (0.781 to 0.816); this was greater than the responses to either phytase (3.6%; 0.781 to 0.809) or xylanase (0.7%; 0.781 to 0.784). Absolute increases in amino acid digestibility with the combination exceeded the sum of the individual increases generated by phytase and xylanase for alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine and valine. These synergistic responses may have resulted from phytase and xylanase having complementary modes of action for enhancing amino acid digestibilities and/or facilitating substrate access. The two remaining experiments were almost identical except wheat used in Experiment 2 had a higher phytate concentration and a lower estimated AME content than wheat used in Experiment 3. Individually, phytase and xylanase were generally more effective in Experiment 2, which probably reflects the higher dietary substrate levels present. Phytase plus xylanase increased (p<0.05) gains (15.4%) and feed efficiency (7.0%) of broiler chicks from 4-24 days post-hatch in Experiment 2; whereas, in Experiment 3, the combination increased (p<0.05) growth to a lesser extent (5.6%) and had no effect on feed efficiency. This difference in performance responses appeared to be 'rotein driven'as the combination increased (p<0.05) nitrogen retention in Experiment 2 but not in Experiment 3; whereas phytase plus xylanase significantly increased AME in both experiments. In Experiments 2 and 3 the combined inclusion levels of phytase and xylanase were lower that the individual additions, which demonstrates the benefits of simultaneously including phytase and xylanase in wheat-based poultry diets.