• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.648-654
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 얼굴을 인식하기 위한 쌍대각 2차원 LDA를 제안하였다. 기존의 Dia2DPCA와 Dia2DLDA가 대각 방향 영상들의 행 변화량과 열 변화량 사이의 상관을 제한하기 위하여 제안되어지고 있다. 그러나 이러한 방법들은 영상들의 행방향으로 동작한다. 제한 방법에 있어서 행방향의 투영 행렬은 기존 방법과 전혀 다르게 대각 방향 얼굴 영상들의 열 변화량을 고려한 클래스 간의 공분산 행렬과 클래스 내의 공분산 행렬을 이용함으로써 얻어진다. 그리고 열방향의 투영 행렬은 대각방향 얼굴 영상들의 행 변화량을 고려한 클래스 간의 공분산 행렬과 클래스 내의 공분산 행렬을 이용함으로써 얻어진다. 좌우 양측의 투영 방법은 투영 행렬들을 좌우로 곱함으로써 적용된다. 그 결과로 특징 행렬의 차원과 계산 시간이 감소된다. ORL 얼굴 데이터베이스에서 수행된 실험들은 Frobenius, Yang, AMD와 같은 3가지 거리 척도를 사용하여 2DPCA, B2DPCA, 2DLDA 등과 같은 다른 얼굴 인식 방법들보다 제안된 방법의 인식률이 높음을 보여준다.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.191-200
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• 2011

제방의 붕괴로 인하여 인명 및 재산상의 막대한 피해가 발생한다. 제방의 붕괴는 월류 및 침식에 의한 붕괴가 대부분을 차지하고 있으나 이에 대한 분석이 제대로 이루어지지 않고 있다. 사행하천에서의 흐름특성은 하천제방과 관련하여 실용적인 관점에서 연구하여야 하는 하천 수리학에서는 중요한 주제이다. 사행하천에서는 회전방향이 교호적으로 바뀌는 나선형의 흐름(2차류)이 3차원적으로 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있다.. 이에 본 연구에서는 2차원 CCHE2D모형과 3차원 FLOW3D모형을 이용하여 하천 만곡부에서의 흐름특성을 분석하고자 하였다. 가상 하도에 대하여 수리모형 실험의 실측치와 비교하여 모형의 정확성과 안정성을 검증하였다. 그리고 모형의 적용성 검토를 위해 남강댐 하류에 대하여 만곡부의 흐름특성(유속분포 및 최대유속경로, 수위분포, 2차류 거동, 편수위, 전단응력 분포 등)을 분석하였다. 그 결과 하천 만곡부에서의 수리적 특성을 보다 정확하게 제시할 수 있었으며 하천의 제방 안정성 평가시 사행하천에 관한 수리적 특성을 효율적으로 활용하고자 한다.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.78-84
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• 2021

Background: Facial feminization surgery and malarplasty require information concerning facial features in the malar area. Such information varies as a function of sex and race. The objectives of this study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the location of malar prominence across sexes in the Southeast Asian population, and identify sex-specific differences in malar prominence using a combination of two-dimensional (2D) computed tomography (CT) and three-dimensional (3D) CT. Methods: The location of malar prominence was evaluated in 101 Thai adults, consisting of 52 men and 49 women. This study used both 2D CT and 3D CT to achieve greater accuracy, in which 2D CT was used to measure malar distance, malar summit width, facial width, and malar summitto-facial width ratio whereas 3D CT was used to evaluate the positional relationship between the zygomatic summit and four reference points of the zygoma. Results: The malar summit was positioned more laterally in males (p< 0.01) and was more projected in females (p= 0.01). The other 2D-parameters were wider in males. The ratio between the malar summit width and facial width showed similar results for both sexes. The vertical dimension did not show any statistically significant differences; however, a higher summit position was observed in males. Conclusion: The zygomatic summit is positioned more laterally in males and is more projected in females. However, the ratio was similar, which indicates that the male cranium is larger in size. Based on the results in this study, when facial feminization surgery or malarplasty is performed on a Southeast Asian patient, the malar bone should be reduced horizontally and moved forward for better outcomes.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제35권
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• pp.237-268
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• 2014

Examining swear words found in Korean and English, we aim to answer the following two questions: (i) 'What words develop into swear words?' and (ii) 'Why they do?' The utility of a swear word is frequently recognized as intimidation directed towards an opponent, emotional catharsis, and solidarity building among in-group members (Jay 1992, 2000, Kim 1997). We seek to go beyond this simple enumeration of possible functions of swearing and suggest an underlying mechanism at work to explain how these functions are achieved and why only certain types of words are employed in this pursuit. A close examination reveals that a swear word must contain either taboo or sadism as an essential component. Sexual pleasure adds another dimension to the basic components. Thus, if an expression contains a subset of the component set {taboo, sadism, sex} in its semantics, it becomes available for swearing (one of the underlined components must be included in the set). For example, many religiously sacred expressions and words for excretion are common swear words as they violate social and religious taboo. On the other hand, words referring to social minorities are a convenient target for sadism. Furthermore, words describing sexual activity contain all three components, violating social taboo, evoking sadism, and giving the initiator guilty sexual pleasure. A combination of the components can produce an emotional effect called catharsis for the initiator. When directed towards others, these components, especially taboo and sadism, can be exploited as a verbal attack, an intimidation, preceding or replacing a physical attack. However, solidarity building is analyzed as a secondary function of swearing, achieved by sharing a sense of accomplice when in-group members behave badly together, such as violating social taboo and committing sadism.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.21-31
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• 2019

Objective: This study was performed to explore the effect of different bracket, archwire, and ligature combinations on resistance to sliding (RS) and rotational control in first-order angulation. Methods: Three types of brackets (multi-level low friction [MLF], self-ligating, and conventional brackets) coupled with four nickel-titanium archwires (0.012, 0.014, 0.016, and 0.018-inch diameter) and two stainless steel ligatures (0.20 and 0.25 mm) were tested in different first-order angulations ($0^{\circ}$, $2^{\circ}$, $4^{\circ}$, $6^{\circ}$, $8^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$) by using an Instron universal mechanical machine in the dry state at room temperature. RS value was evaluated and compared by one-way ANOVA. Results: Under the same angulation, the RS values showed the following order: conventional brackets > MLF brackets > self-ligating brackets. The RS was the highest for conventional brackets and showed a tendency to increase. The RS for MLF brackets coupled with thinner archwires and ligatures showed a similar tendency as the RS for the self-ligating bracket. In contrast, the RS for MLF brackets coupled with thicker archwires and ligatures increased like that for conventional brackets. MLF brackets showed the greatest range of critical contact angles in first-order angulation. Conclusions: The RS in first-order angulation is influenced by bracket design, archwire, and ligature dimension. In comparison with self-ligating and conventional brackets, MLF brackets could express low friction and rotational control with their greater range of critical contact angles.

• 한국노년학
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.103-123
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• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 남성 노인이 사별 후 어떻게 살아가는지를 탐구하고, 그에 따른 경험의 본질을 파악하는 것이다. 연구자는 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 사별 후 혼자 살고 있는 남성 노인 3명을 연구 참여자로 선정했으며, 심층 면담을 통해 자료를 수집했다. 자료 분석은 Clandinin과 Connely(2000)가 제시한 내러티브의 삼차원적 공간을 바탕으로 이루어졌으며 공통적 경험의 의미를 다섯 가지로 재구성하였다. 연구결과 '죄인의 삶이지만 남에게는 홀아비처럼 보이고 싶지 않음', '죽음에 대한 두려움 그리고 죽음 이후를 위한 준비', '자녀가 있어 생을 놓지 못하고 버팀', '침울한 삶에 활기를 찾기 위해 세상으로 들어감', '사회적 온정을 찾아 헤매는 짝 잃은 외기러기'라는 공통의 주제가 도출되었다. 공통 주제를 바탕으로 탐구한 경험의 본질은 '한쪽 날개가 꺾였지만, 다시 비상하기 위해 살아내려는 몸부림'임을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 남성 노인의 사별 경험을 시간의 연속성 차원에서 탐구하고, 사별 후 자신의 생을 살아내기 위해 이루어지는 개인 내적 사회적 상호작용을 살펴본 점에서 중요한 의의가 있다.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.170-176
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• 2018

Recently, weapon system requires personal protection products due to the explosion of rapid-fire explosion, which is considered to be multi threat in modernization, complication and war against terrorism. However, the conventional Korean military bullet protection helmets are not suitable for wearing convenience and combatant interoperability in terms of ergonomic. In this paper, we propose a suitable 3D Scanning method for the head, and compare the measured 3D dimension with the existing 2D measurement value to identity the reliability. Reverse engineered soldier head using the quick surface method was realized with a perfect free-form surface and satisfactory tolerance range (${\pm}0.2mm$). Through the comparison of 3D and 2D measured head dimensions, the absolute error value was 0.73 mm on average and relative error was 0.35 %, confirming the high accuracy of the 3D scan modeling. Also, quick surface method using 3D scanner is suggested a fast and accurate skill for ergonomics in obtaining the head modeling needed for military's personal bullet protection helmet design.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제69권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2019

The biaxial failure mechanism of transversally bedding concrete layers was numerically simulated using a sophisticated two-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) implemented in the particle flow code (PFC2D). This numerical modelling code was first calibrated by uniaxial compression and Brazilian testing results to ensure the conformity of the simulated numerical model's response. Secondly, 21 rectangular models with dimension of $54mm{\times}108mm$ were built. Each model contains two transversely bedding layers. The first bedding layer has low mechanical properties, less than mechanical properties of intact material, and second bedding layer has high mechanical properties, more than mechanical properties of intact material. The angle of first bedding layer, with weak mechanical properties, related to loading direction was $0^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $75^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ while the angle of second layer, with high mechanical properties, related to loading direction was $90^{\circ}$, $105^{\circ}$, $120^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$, $150^{\circ}$, $160^{\circ}$ and $180^{\circ}$. Is to be note that the angle between bedding layer was $90^{\circ}$ in all bedding configurations. Also, three different pairs of the thickness were chosen in models, i.e., 5 mm/10 mm, 10 mm/10 mm and 20 mm/10 mm. The result shows that in all configurations, shear cracks develop between the weaker bedding layers. Shear cracks angel related to normal load change from $0^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$ with increment of $15^{\circ}$. Numbers of shear cracks are constant by increasing the bedding thickness. It's to be noted that in some configuration, tensile cracks develop through the intact area of material model. There is not any failure in direction of bedding plane interface with higher strength.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.116-126
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to objectify the shape of curvature and average change rate of angular and arched eyebrow makeup. The data for the analysis were the final 336 pieces for the cosmetology students in the whole country. SPSS 20.0 program was used for the collected data, frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and crossover analysis were performed. First, the frequency of the average change rate of eyebrow makeup (angular and arcuate) was analyzed. As a result, the eyebrows suitable for the angled type showed the highest level of 'A-2' and the arched eyebrows had the highest level of 'B-2'. Second, to analyze the important factors of eyebrow makeup, frequency of eyebrows was the most important, followed by the inclination of eyebrows and eyebrow tail. Third, factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted to examine each dimension of eyebrow makeup perception, and it was derived from three factors including acceptability, aggressiveness, and playability. Fourth, in order to analyze the difference of important factors in the form of the standard eyebrow makeup, the cross - analysis was performed with chi - square test, and it was confirmed that the angular eyebrow makeup showed the most objectivity when the average change rate was 0.29 and the curvature was 0.67. Fifth, arcuate eyebrow makeup showed the most objectivity when the average change rate was 0.57 and curvature was 0.56. The results of this analysis can be used as objective data of aesthetic criteria when designing the eyebrow shape.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.193-205
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• 2019

Looking at recent safety accidents in buildings, most of them due to lack of FM expertise, and this is due to human resources. In each all industry areas, some companies are competitive, representational, and leading in the market through long-term expertise and research in their respective fields. In the field of FM industry, some companies offer core-competencies in internal and external innovative building management through competition with others. However, old custom and old management form still exist in the FM field. However, an old custom and old management system still exist in the FM field; it forces cost-cutting and caused by carelessness in technical development competitiveness and safety measures. The government control by safety inspection and facility inspection through legislation of building management, but the management is still weak as a side of in the facility management section due to inspect sth as a mere formality and submit a paper report. These facts exist different kind of usage of the building have a three-party encounter between a building owner, user, and FM enterprises. In this research identify survey, especially building owner (manager)'s choice perception priority for optional factors to choose FM enterprises. Based on this, FM enterprises will be forced to seek a new dimension for better building management. In this light, the purpose of the research is to shape changes in the FM market culture safely and providing better service in building management and understanding building owner's insight through this research's information.