• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.648-654
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• 2009

In this paper, a method called bilateral diagonal 2DLDA is proposed for face recognition. Two methods called Dia2DPCA and Dia2DLDA were suggested to reserve the correlations between the variations in the rows and columns of diagonal images. However, these methods work in the row direction of these images. A row-directional projection matrix can be obtained by calculating the between-class and within-class covariance matrices making an allowance for the column variation of alternative diagonal face images. In addition, column-directional projection matrix can be obtained by calculating the between-class and within-class covariance matrices making an allowance for the row variation in diagonal images. A bilateral projection scheme was applied using left and right multiplying projection matrices. As a result, the dimension of the feature matrix and computation time can be reduced. Experiments carried out on an ORL face database show that the proposed method with three different distance measures, namely, Frobenius, Yang and AMD, is more accurate than some methods, such as 2DPCA, B2DPCA, 2DLDA, etc.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.191-200
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• 2011

Levee failure cause the huge amount of damage to human and property. Overflow and erosion of levee are primary cause of a break in a levee but the analysis of breach pattern and impact is partially inadequate. The flow characteristics of meandering rivers are very important in field of river hydraulics that should be studied in practical viewpoints relating to river levee. In meandering the secondary flow that rotary direction is changed reciprocally occurs in three dimension is known. In this study flow characteristics of local river are considered and of meandering channels are analyzed using CCHE2D and FLOW3D. The stability and accuracy of models are examined comparing the measuring and analyzed data for the experimental channel and natural river(Namgang). Consequently, the flow characteristics in a meandering river are suggested precisely and it is essential that river levees having meandering river should be analyzed.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.78-84
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• 2021

Background: Facial feminization surgery and malarplasty require information concerning facial features in the malar area. Such information varies as a function of sex and race. The objectives of this study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the location of malar prominence across sexes in the Southeast Asian population, and identify sex-specific differences in malar prominence using a combination of two-dimensional (2D) computed tomography (CT) and three-dimensional (3D) CT. Methods: The location of malar prominence was evaluated in 101 Thai adults, consisting of 52 men and 49 women. This study used both 2D CT and 3D CT to achieve greater accuracy, in which 2D CT was used to measure malar distance, malar summit width, facial width, and malar summitto-facial width ratio whereas 3D CT was used to evaluate the positional relationship between the zygomatic summit and four reference points of the zygoma. Results: The malar summit was positioned more laterally in males (p< 0.01) and was more projected in females (p= 0.01). The other 2D-parameters were wider in males. The ratio between the malar summit width and facial width showed similar results for both sexes. The vertical dimension did not show any statistically significant differences; however, a higher summit position was observed in males. Conclusion: The zygomatic summit is positioned more laterally in males and is more projected in females. However, the ratio was similar, which indicates that the male cranium is larger in size. Based on the results in this study, when facial feminization surgery or malarplasty is performed on a Southeast Asian patient, the malar bone should be reduced horizontally and moved forward for better outcomes.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.35
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• pp.237-268
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• 2014

Examining swear words found in Korean and English, we aim to answer the following two questions: (i) 'What words develop into swear words?' and (ii) 'Why they do?' The utility of a swear word is frequently recognized as intimidation directed towards an opponent, emotional catharsis, and solidarity building among in-group members (Jay 1992, 2000, Kim 1997). We seek to go beyond this simple enumeration of possible functions of swearing and suggest an underlying mechanism at work to explain how these functions are achieved and why only certain types of words are employed in this pursuit. A close examination reveals that a swear word must contain either taboo or sadism as an essential component. Sexual pleasure adds another dimension to the basic components. Thus, if an expression contains a subset of the component set {taboo, sadism, sex} in its semantics, it becomes available for swearing (one of the underlined components must be included in the set). For example, many religiously sacred expressions and words for excretion are common swear words as they violate social and religious taboo. On the other hand, words referring to social minorities are a convenient target for sadism. Furthermore, words describing sexual activity contain all three components, violating social taboo, evoking sadism, and giving the initiator guilty sexual pleasure. A combination of the components can produce an emotional effect called catharsis for the initiator. When directed towards others, these components, especially taboo and sadism, can be exploited as a verbal attack, an intimidation, preceding or replacing a physical attack. However, solidarity building is analyzed as a secondary function of swearing, achieved by sharing a sense of accomplice when in-group members behave badly together, such as violating social taboo and committing sadism.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 2019

Objective: This study was performed to explore the effect of different bracket, archwire, and ligature combinations on resistance to sliding (RS) and rotational control in first-order angulation. Methods: Three types of brackets (multi-level low friction [MLF], self-ligating, and conventional brackets) coupled with four nickel-titanium archwires (0.012, 0.014, 0.016, and 0.018-inch diameter) and two stainless steel ligatures (0.20 and 0.25 mm) were tested in different first-order angulations ($0^{\circ}$, $2^{\circ}$, $4^{\circ}$, $6^{\circ}$, $8^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$) by using an Instron universal mechanical machine in the dry state at room temperature. RS value was evaluated and compared by one-way ANOVA. Results: Under the same angulation, the RS values showed the following order: conventional brackets > MLF brackets > self-ligating brackets. The RS was the highest for conventional brackets and showed a tendency to increase. The RS for MLF brackets coupled with thinner archwires and ligatures showed a similar tendency as the RS for the self-ligating bracket. In contrast, the RS for MLF brackets coupled with thicker archwires and ligatures increased like that for conventional brackets. MLF brackets showed the greatest range of critical contact angles in first-order angulation. Conclusions: The RS in first-order angulation is influenced by bracket design, archwire, and ligature dimension. In comparison with self-ligating and conventional brackets, MLF brackets could express low friction and rotational control with their greater range of critical contact angles.

• 한국노년학
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.103-123
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• 2018

The purpose of this research is to study how an elderly male lives after the experience of bereavement, and to understand the experience's essence. The researcher picked 3 elderly men living alone after separation by death as test subjects and gathered information through in-depth interviews. The analysis of the information was done based on the three-dimensional space of narrative presented by Clandinin and Connely(2000), and it restructures the common experience under five meanings. The mutual themes of 'It's the life of a sinner, but not wanting to be seen as a widower to others', 'The fear for death, and the preparation for after death', 'Trying to stay alive for the children', 'Entering the world to find meaning in a gloomy life', and 'A lone goose lost in search of social warmth' came from the research results. The essence of the experience studied with the mutual themes as basis came out to be 'A struggle to take flight again after one broken wing'. This research has a major significance in that elderly males' experience of bereavement was studied in the dimension of time continuity, and that individual social interactions that are made by elderly males to continue their lives after the experience of bereavement were studied.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.170-176
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• 2018

Recently, weapon system requires personal protection products due to the explosion of rapid-fire explosion, which is considered to be multi threat in modernization, complication and war against terrorism. However, the conventional Korean military bullet protection helmets are not suitable for wearing convenience and combatant interoperability in terms of ergonomic. In this paper, we propose a suitable 3D Scanning method for the head, and compare the measured 3D dimension with the existing 2D measurement value to identity the reliability. Reverse engineered soldier head using the quick surface method was realized with a perfect free-form surface and satisfactory tolerance range (${\pm}0.2mm$). Through the comparison of 3D and 2D measured head dimensions, the absolute error value was 0.73 mm on average and relative error was 0.35 %, confirming the high accuracy of the 3D scan modeling. Also, quick surface method using 3D scanner is suggested a fast and accurate skill for ergonomics in obtaining the head modeling needed for military's personal bullet protection helmet design.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.69 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2019

The biaxial failure mechanism of transversally bedding concrete layers was numerically simulated using a sophisticated two-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) implemented in the particle flow code (PFC2D). This numerical modelling code was first calibrated by uniaxial compression and Brazilian testing results to ensure the conformity of the simulated numerical model's response. Secondly, 21 rectangular models with dimension of $54mm{\times}108mm$ were built. Each model contains two transversely bedding layers. The first bedding layer has low mechanical properties, less than mechanical properties of intact material, and second bedding layer has high mechanical properties, more than mechanical properties of intact material. The angle of first bedding layer, with weak mechanical properties, related to loading direction was $0^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $75^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ while the angle of second layer, with high mechanical properties, related to loading direction was $90^{\circ}$, $105^{\circ}$, $120^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$, $150^{\circ}$, $160^{\circ}$ and $180^{\circ}$. Is to be note that the angle between bedding layer was $90^{\circ}$ in all bedding configurations. Also, three different pairs of the thickness were chosen in models, i.e., 5 mm/10 mm, 10 mm/10 mm and 20 mm/10 mm. The result shows that in all configurations, shear cracks develop between the weaker bedding layers. Shear cracks angel related to normal load change from $0^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$ with increment of $15^{\circ}$. Numbers of shear cracks are constant by increasing the bedding thickness. It's to be noted that in some configuration, tensile cracks develop through the intact area of material model. There is not any failure in direction of bedding plane interface with higher strength.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.116-126
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to objectify the shape of curvature and average change rate of angular and arched eyebrow makeup. The data for the analysis were the final 336 pieces for the cosmetology students in the whole country. SPSS 20.0 program was used for the collected data, frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and crossover analysis were performed. First, the frequency of the average change rate of eyebrow makeup (angular and arcuate) was analyzed. As a result, the eyebrows suitable for the angled type showed the highest level of 'A-2' and the arched eyebrows had the highest level of 'B-2'. Second, to analyze the important factors of eyebrow makeup, frequency of eyebrows was the most important, followed by the inclination of eyebrows and eyebrow tail. Third, factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted to examine each dimension of eyebrow makeup perception, and it was derived from three factors including acceptability, aggressiveness, and playability. Fourth, in order to analyze the difference of important factors in the form of the standard eyebrow makeup, the cross - analysis was performed with chi - square test, and it was confirmed that the angular eyebrow makeup showed the most objectivity when the average change rate was 0.29 and the curvature was 0.67. Fifth, arcuate eyebrow makeup showed the most objectivity when the average change rate was 0.57 and curvature was 0.56. The results of this analysis can be used as objective data of aesthetic criteria when designing the eyebrow shape.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.193-205
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• 2019

Looking at recent safety accidents in buildings, most of them due to lack of FM expertise, and this is due to human resources. In each all industry areas, some companies are competitive, representational, and leading in the market through long-term expertise and research in their respective fields. In the field of FM industry, some companies offer core-competencies in internal and external innovative building management through competition with others. However, old custom and old management form still exist in the FM field. However, an old custom and old management system still exist in the FM field; it forces cost-cutting and caused by carelessness in technical development competitiveness and safety measures. The government control by safety inspection and facility inspection through legislation of building management, but the management is still weak as a side of in the facility management section due to inspect sth as a mere formality and submit a paper report. These facts exist different kind of usage of the building have a three-party encounter between a building owner, user, and FM enterprises. In this research identify survey, especially building owner (manager)'s choice perception priority for optional factors to choose FM enterprises. Based on this, FM enterprises will be forced to seek a new dimension for better building management. In this light, the purpose of the research is to shape changes in the FM market culture safely and providing better service in building management and understanding building owner's insight through this research's information.