• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 2013

We know that humans are able to live comfortably when there is a balance between the living environment that surrounds us and us. Clothing, one of the necessities of life, serves a dual purpose of functioning as protection for the body as well as providing visual satisfaction, and so is the most effective bonding mechanism. A different type of comfort that has been provided through industrialization and advancements in technology has resulted in pollution problems in the environment, and it has reached a point of seriously thinking about its effects. The biggest problems in environmental pollution are air pollution and waste disposal, and something that cannot be ignored is that environmental hormones and harmful heavy metals have been discovered in the synthetic dyes used in the clothing product, and not only are they harmful to the body, but they also have adverse effects on skin allergies such as atopic dermatitis. Its effects on clothing, especially underwear and baby products, can become a serious issue. The use of natural vegetable dye can be considered the basis for the traditional Korean dyeing process, however not all natural dyeing process can be thought of as traditional Korean dyeing. This is because natural dyeing used to be the most common method of dyeing before synthetic dyes came along and became the dye of choice for most clothing. Natural dyes are beneficial to the body, and the nature colors, achieved from the natural materials, relieve eye strains as well as have a healing effect for people who are suffering from psychological instability such as stress. However, the use of mordant in order to increase the fastness and get better color effects can lead to even more damage to the environment, and it cannot be a dyeing method that is good for the body. Traditional natural dyeing is different from regular natural dyeing because it uses colors that the Korean people can identify with and applies specific methods in order to achieve those colors. Even though experimental study with dyestuff and practical use of the dyeing methods for traditional Korean dyeing has been started(Soh, H., 1983) and has been ongoing, it is still not easy for regular people to use the method on their own. At the present time, natural dye materials are getting made and sold more than ever, but there is a lot of confusion among consumers regarding the difference between traditional Korean dyeing and natural dyeing, as companies are using the two terms interchangeably to market their natural dye products. So getting a better understanding of the characteristics of traditional Korean dyeing and traditional colors should be considered first priority at this time. The purpose of this thesis is to study the traditional Korean view of color, which developed the culture of traditional dyeing in Korea, and the characteristics of traditional Korean dyeing, a method that pursued achieving Korea's color through natural dyeing.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.499-505
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• 1996

The facillities for Kimchi preservation were investigated in order to develop the taste, flavor and commercial quality of Kimchi during fermentation. Four kinds of facillities used for this experiment were PP(Polypropylene). PSC(Polypropylene+ceramic)and PPP was selected newly and laminated of three layers with PETG (Polyester G), PS (Polystyrene) and PETG. The change of total number of lactic acid Bacteria, pH, acidity, color, gas contents and free internal volume of package were measured for the Kimchi packaged by 4 facillities during 6 days fermentation at 15$^{\circ}C$. The total No. of lactic acid Bacteria within the Kimchi in the PPP facillity was more and remained longer time (120 hrs.) than other Kimchi in the PP, PS and PPC facillities. Also the pH of all Kimchi were decreased to pH 4 within 72 hrs. and the pH of Kimchi in the PPP facillity was kept as pH 4 for 120 hrs., so that was shown to be decreased more dully than others. In case of fimchi in the PPP facillity, the color was retained better, CO$_2$ contents was lower similar to PPC facillity, and swelling degree of free internal volume was higher than others. By the sensory evaluation, the Kimchi in the PPP facillity represented as better than others for color, flavor, texture and total preferences until 48 hrs. fermentation. And the PPP facillity is transparent, so these will be selected and confirmed more easily, also PPP facillity is so hard to endure the swelling pressure of internal gas. Therefore it is thought that the PPP facillity used as Kimchi package will be desirable for better taste, flavor, and commercial quality.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.657-666
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• 2002

Review on internal damage disease(disease of the spleen and stomach) in Hyungsang medicine is as follows; In case of woman, Disease of the spleen and stomach is caused mostly a excessive thought. In case of man, Disease of the spleen and stomach is related to the genitals's disease for man is based on the kidney and body. In shapes of the Jung(精), Ki(氣). Shin(神) and Hyul(血), the seven feelings(emotions) in the Ki(氣) and Shin(神) types and deficiency of essence and blood in the Jung(精) and Hyul(血) types induce mostly diseases of the spleen and stomach. Treatments are used frequently to promote the normal flow of Ki(行氣), promote digestion and remove food stagnancy(消導), resolve phlem(化痰) and check upward perverted flow of fire(降火) in the Ki(氣) and Shin(神) types and tonity the essence(補精), tonity the blood(補血) and replenish Ki(補氣) in the Jung(精) and Hyul(血) types. The main parts to appear outside diseases of the spleen and stomach are face color, depression condition of eyes, lips' condition, LU10(魚際)'s color and the rise and fall of flesh etc. Shapes of the six meridians have to treat to divid shapes and symtoms of the six meridians according to 'deviation of Ki and blood' and 'the expression part of symtoms'.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.493-506
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• 2002

Recently as the esthetic concerns about dental prosthesis have been increased, the nonmetallic post and core systems have been introduced clinically to improve the color and the low optical transmittance of conventional casting metal post and core systems. The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the optical transmittance and the shade changes of all-ceramic crowns with two nonmetallic post and core systems. The experimental groups were classified as follows : Total 27 specimens(9 samples in each group) were evaluated. Group I : Natural teeth as a control group Group II : CosmoPost and $Empress^{(R)}$ core (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Liechtenstein) Group III : $LIGHT-POST^{TM}$ and $LIGHT-CORE^{TM}$ (Bisco, U.S.A.) In all group, all-ceramic crowns were fabricated with the same shade of IPS $Empress^{(R)}$ II (Ivoclar-Vivadent, Liechtenstein) after abutment preparation, and then two kinds of spectrophotometers, UV 3101 PC (Shimadzu, Japan) and CM 503i (Minolta Co. Ltd. Japan), were used to measure the optical transmittance and the color value. The following results were obtained : 1. The optical transmittance of each group without all-ceramic crowns, was siginificantly decreased in order of Group III, I and II (p<0.05). 2. The optical transmittance of each group with all-ceramic crowns cemented, were siginificantly decreased in order of Group I, II and III (p<0.05). 3. In comparison with the shade of all-ceramic crowns, there were no significant differences between groups regardless of the cementation. 4. In comparison with the shade changes in each group after the cementation of all-ceramic crowns, there were no significant differences between groups. From the above results, it is thought that the selection among materials used in this study doesn't influence greatly the esthetic restoration, because the differences of optical transmittance were so small that those were clinically insignificant.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1063-1070
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• 2010

This study examined 12 types of towels with differing fabric material, function, quality, printing, pile length, twist, etc. from a towel company which manufactures and distributes products domestically. After 3 months of use by consumers, a consumer satisfaction survey was administered and results analyzed. Four types of towels were assigned to each group and the towels were used every day for 3 months. Participant feelings after using the towel for the first time and after using it for three months were investigated. The questionnaire consisted of 26 questions on a 5-point Licket-type scale. The first 13 questions measured perceptions of absorption, touch, fine fiber loss, contamination, deformation, drying speed, and design. Other questions compared differences between the two towel types in terms of their material, function, quality, printing, pile length, and degree of twisting. Results showed that, with regards to weight, consumers preferred towels between 130~150g and a thickness of around 1.7~1.8mm. The bamboo towel was considered superior to the cotton towel in terms of sense of touch and did not happen linter after washing. The antibacterial towel was considered better than the cotton towel in terms of absorption but in terms of contamination, participants felt the antibacterial towel became dirty more easily than the cotton towel. We thought that it might be influence of the color of towel. Low-quality towels became stiffer and misshapen more easily than higher-quality towels. But the study showed that the consumers did not perceive significant differences in the towels' quality. Printed towels became thinner and their color changed more with washing. The consumers preferred the design of jacquard towels to printed towels. Towels with short piles was happened more linter than the towel with long pile after washing. Non-twisted towel were better than the highly-twisted towel in terms of sense of touch and absorption but the non-twisted towel happened more linter after washing and became dirty more easily.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.106-110
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• 2012

Oblique angle deposition (OAD) is a physical vapor deposition where incident vapor flux arrives at non-normal angles. It has been known that tilting the substrate changes the properties of the film, which is thought to be a result of morphological change of the film. In this study, OAD has been applied to prepare single and multilayer TiN films by cathodic arc deposition. TiN films have been deposited on cold-rolled steel sheets and stainless steel sheet. The deposition angle as well as substrate temperature and substrate bias was changed to investigate their effects on the properties of TiN films. TiN films were analyzed by color difference meter, scanning electron microscopy, nanoindenter and x-ray diffraction. The color of TiN films was not much changed according to the deposition conditions. The slanted and zigzag structures were observed from the single and multilayer films. The relation between substrate tilting angle (${\alpha}$) and the growth column angle (${\beta}$) followed the equation of $tan{\alpha}=2tan{\beta}$. The indentation hardness of TiN films deposited by OAD was low compared with the ones prepared at normal angle. However, it has been found that $H^3/E^2$ ratio of 3-layer TiN films prepared at OAD condition was a little higher than the ones prepared at normal angle, which can confirm the robustness of prepared films.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.76-92
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to find the meaning of women's fashion in the city culture of Paris in the nineteenth century by examining paintings by the Impressionists. The research method was based on literature survey and visual examination paintings, 224 paintings(by ${\acute{E}}douard$ Manet, James Tissot, Edgar DeGas, Gustave Cailleboat, Jean $B{\acute{e}}raud$, Pierre-Auguste Renoir) were analyzed in this study. The results are as follows: In the nineteenth century, Paris was a new city with new department stores. Department stores were centers of consumer culture, where the power of capital appeared rather than class. The spatial backgrounds of Impressionist paintings were places where they could see the consumption and leisure culture of urban people, such as outdoor parks, cafes, theaters, ballrooms, bars, streets, and the boats. As for the characteristics of women's fashion in paintings, it was found that various changes of artificial silhouettes were developed. Various frills, ruffles, gatherings, and pleats were thought to have been made by machines. In the urban space, many of the women's costumes stood out because of the black color. Not only the black color came to represent widows and mourning but the black outfits worn by women enhanced their sensual appearances. Women's fashion expressed in Impressionist paintings eventually contained a modern meaning that changed from 'class symbol' to 'expression of taste'. And the symbol of consumer and leisure culture showed, and a Demimonde's fashion became a trendsetter, and painters were used as an important element expressing modernity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.100-108
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• 2016

In this study, a survey was conducted to both evaluate the consumers' general attitudes for purchasing and storing the raw chicken and determine the thawing practices used for defrosting frozen chicken at home. About 75% of the consumers indicated purchasing chicken meat at least once a week or more. Furthermore, the majority (82.16%) of those who stored at least a portion of the raw chicken stated freezing the raw chicken meat at home. Freezing the chicken meat was considered to have no effect on the quality by 43.49% of the consumers while 56.51% thought that freezing had either negative or positive effects on the quality. The survey study indicated that top five most commonly used thawing practices included thawing on the kitchen counter, thawing in the refrigerator, thawing in the warm water, thawing in the microwave, and thawing under tap water. In addition, an experimental study was conducted to determine the effects of these most commonly used thawing practices on some quality characteristics of the chicken meat including pH, drip loss, cooking loss, color analysis and textural profile analysis. Although, $L^*$ value for thawing on the kitchen counter was the lowest, after cooking, none of the thawing treatments have a significant effect on the color values. Thawing in the microwave produced the highest drip loss of 3.47% while the lowest drip loss of 0.62% was observed with thawing in the refrigerator. On the other hand, thawing in the microwave and refrigerator caused the lowest cooking loss values of 18.29% and 18.53%, respectively. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences among textural parameter values of the defrosted and then cooked samples using the home based thawing practices, indicating similar quality characteristics among the samples.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.4-12
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• 2002

It is well-known method to use Ethylene Oxide (ETO) as a fumigant to preserve cultural heritage from the attack of some bacteria and insects. In this article, we investigated co]or change of some cultural material upon treating ETO. The cultural material was selected from Korean paper (hanji), ancient books, blue prints, pigments (DA, DB, DC, DD, DE and DF). hemp cloths, and colored pictures (DG, DH, Dl, DJ, DK). The $\Delta$E value in chromaticity coordinates for each item was obtained upon treatment with ETO at concentration of 200, 250, 380, 500, 710 g/m$^3$ respectively. The $\Delta$E value was derived from the equation of L*at with the data checked 24 hr, 48 hr, and 72 hrs respectively. The Korean papers(hanji) showed slightly change in color by $\Delta$E 0.8. In the case of ancient books, it showed $\Delta$E 2.91 which was easily distinguishable with the naked eyes. For the almost 73％ of blue prints, the value of $\Delta$E was as much as more than 4.0 that it is recommended not to use. In the case of pigments, the value of $\Delta$E was ranged from 0.15 up to 4.0 so that it should be very careful before use. The hemp cloth dyed with natural indigo showed less than 1.00 in $\Delta$E, while various colored hemp cloth showed wide range of $\Delta$E from 1.00 to 4.00. Finally, from the fact that the color change was as small as less than 1.00 for the colored pictures, it is thought that treatment with ETO is one of method to be used to this purpose.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.133-137
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• 2011

This research investigated how low dose radiation affected the quality characteristics of Takju. The treatment group were the quality characteristics of control group, Takju treated by radiation of separate 4, 7, 10 Gy and sterilized Takju. We measured pH, titratable acidity, alcohol, brix, total viable cell count, Hunter's color values, sensory characteristic. As a result, We discovered there were minute changes in pH, titratable acidity, alcohol, brix, total viable cell count. Likewise, The color appeared changes on separate radiation dose. In the sensory characteristic, People's preference ranked better than average level according to priority Takju treated by 4, 7, 10 radiation. In conclusion, Low dose radiation had little effect on the quality characteristics of Takju. However, Takju received a favorable review by some people In test of taste such as after taste. So We thought, such as preservation, the research using the radiation should be continually conducted.