• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.93-143
• /
• 2010

이 글은 2000년대 일본의 대북제재가 북한의 대외거래에 미친 효과를 측정한다. 이를 위해 우리는 대북제재의 경제적 효과를 개념화하는 것으로부터 시작하여, 현존하는 북한무역통계를 토대로 일본 대북제재의 효과가 존재하는지 유무를 검증하고, 마지막으로는 현존하는 통계를 합리적으로 재구성함으로써 일본의 제재 효과를 계량적으로 측정한다. 이러한 과정을 통해 우리가 도달한 결론을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국제사회의 경제제재는 북한의 무역에 당사국 효과와 제3국 효과라는 두 가지의 영향을 미친다. 전자는 제재 당사국과 북한의 무역이 줄어드는 것을 의미하며, 후자는 이에 따라 북한과 여타 국가 사이의 무역도 영향을 받는 것을 말한다. 둘째, 이러한 제재의 효과를 분석하기 위해서는 북한무역에 대한 정밀한 통계자료의 입수가 필수적이지만, 현존하는 북한의 무역통계는 모두 특정 국가와 북한의 거래를 잘못 보고하거나, 또는 북한의 실제 거래 국가를 누락하는 등 일정한 결함을 내포하고 있다. 셋째, 이러한 통계의 결함을 감안한 상태에서 이를 우회하는 방식으로 분석을 진행해보면, 일본의 대북제재는 뚜렷한 당사국 효과와 제3국 효과를 동시에 갖는 것으로 나타난다. 일본의 제재로 북일무역은 줄어들지만, 북한은 이를 여타 국가와의 거래확대로 중화시킨다는 뜻이다. 다만, 이러한 제3국 효과는 북한의 수출과 수입에 있어 다르게 나타난다. 수출의 경우에는 한국과 중국, 태국 등 북한의 주요 거래상대국들에서 모두 정(+)의 제3국 효과가 존재하지만, 북한의 수입에 있어서는 한국이나 심지어 중국에 있어서도 제3국 효과의 통계적 유의미성이 부정되는 것이다. 넷째, 일본의 제재 효과를 계수적으로 측정하기 위해서는 현존하는 북한무역통계를 보다 정밀하게 재구성해야만 하는데, 이러한 재구성은 북한의 수입에 있어서는 불가능하지만 수출에 있어서는 가능하다. 이렇게 재구성된 데이터를 토대로 추정하면, 2004~06년 북한의 대일 수출은 일본의 대북제재로 연간 0.8억~1.2억달러의 피해를 입은 것으로 나타난다(당사국 효과). 이는 2003년 북한의 대일 수출액의 60%에 해당한다. 그런데 같은 기간 동안 북한은 일본의 제재에 맞서 다른 나라로의 수출선 전환을 추진하였고, 그 결과 연간 0.8~0.9억달러에 달하는 여타 국가로의 수출증대 효과를 보았다(제3국 효과). 여섯째, 이러한 북한 거래선 이전의 60~70%는 한국(남북교역)에 의해 가능해진 것으로 나타난다. 반면, 중국으로의 거래선 이전은 미미하거나 유의미하지 않은 것으로 나타난다. 일곱째, 북한의 수입에 관해서는 이처럼 계수적으로 제재의 효과를 추정하는 일이 불가능하다. 그러나 비록 결함이 있지만 현존하는 북한무역통계는 일본의 제재가 북한의 수출보다는 수입에 더 큰 영향을 미친다고 말한다. 따라서 일본의 제재가 북한의 수출에 있어 별다른 영향을 미치지 못한다고 해서, 곧바로 제재의 효력 자체가 없다고 단정하는 것은 현명하지 못하다.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.49-60
• /
• 2017

Purpose - The aims of this study are follows. We investigated to find out how country image and brand image affect the consumer perceived value, consumer attitude, and purchase intention of foreign infant foods in China. Especially, we focused on investigate for the moderating role of consumer knowledge between national image, brand image and consumer perceived value of foreign infant foods in China. Research design, data, and methodology - This study analyzed the effect of national image and brand image on purchase intention through consumer perceived value and consumer attitude. This study collected data for empirical analysis of Chinese consumers who have been purchase experience infant foods in China. 256 copies of questionnaire data were used for substantial analysis. Before testing the hypothesis, factor analysis was conducted to test the construct validity of measurement items. Hypotheses about effects between variables were verified using structural equation modeling analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. Results - First, the country image had a positive effect on consumer perceived value of foreign infant foods. Second, the brand image had a positive effect on consumer perceived value of foreign infant foods. Third, the consumer perceived value had a positive effect on consumer attitude. Fourth, the consumer attitude had a positive effect on purchase intention. Fifth, the consumer knowledge was moderating roles between brand image and consumer perceived value of foreign infant foods. However, the consumer knowledge did not effect of moderating between country image and perceived value of consumers. Conclusions - First, the impact of country image and brand image on consumer perceived value of foreign infant foods in China can be seen as a universal psychology of consumers who trust pure foreign products such as high quality, technology, etc. Second, consumer perceived value of foreign infant foods has a positive effect on consumer attitude, and this attitude is leading to purchase intention. Third, the consumer knowledge between brand image and perceived value acts as a moderating variable. It means that the consumer's knowledge can shape the perception of the brand image more strongly.

• Human Ecology Research
• /
• 제55권2호
• /
• pp.153-166
• /
• 2017

This study examined the effects of the cognitive and affective country image of Korea on product evaluation and purchase intention for Korean products. The research model was developed from relevant literature based on the halo effect model and data was collected using a self-administered online survey of 772 Southeast Asian consumers from Vietnam, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The major findings are as follows. First, analysis of variance revealed that Vietnam consumers have a significantly positive perception compared to Indonesia and Malaysia, regarding the affective country image and purchase intention towards Korean products. Second, results from structural equation model showed that the affective country image has significantly positive effects on product evaluation and purchase intention, which means the affective country image is directly and indirectly connected to purchase intention towards Korean products. However, cognitive country image only has an indirect effect on purchase intention. Third, the results of comparing path coefficient among three countries showed that the direct effect is more effective for consumers in Indonesia and Malaysia, whereas indirect effect has a stronger effect on consumers in Vietnam. Academically, this study contributes to an expansion of understanding the effects of country image by empirically proving the different roles of cognitive and affective dimensions for country image. This study provides practical implications for developing marketing communication strategies for businesses that hope to penetrate Southeast Asian countries.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제56권
• /
• pp.3-27
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this thesis is to develop a relational model which can explain consumer selection for exporting goods and analyze the effect of corporate image on the relations between country image and consumer selection under global trade environment. The specific objectives are as follows: 1) to suggest a concept of consumer selection and measurement criteria, 2) to analyze correlations among country image, corporate image and consumer selection and 3) to find out the effect of corporate image on the relations between country image and consumer selection. The SPSS program for window and LISREL program were used to analyze the data for this study. The statistical method used in this study was the covariance structure analysis estimating parameters by maximum likelihood method. Path coefficients were tested for t-tests with a statistical significance level of .05. The conclusions of this study are as follows. First, significant correlations were observed among all sub-variables proposed in this study. In addition, significant correlations were detected among country image, consumer selection and corporate image. Second, a hypothetical model proposed in this study was mostly appropriate. Country image had a positive direct effect on consumer selection and corporate image with statistical significance. In addition, it has an indirect impact on consumer selection with statistical significance with corporate image as an intervening variable. Third, corporate image had a significant moderation effect in country image-consumer selection relations. As corporate image levels increased, the effect of country image on consumer selection increased as well. In other words, it has been confirmed that if corporate image levels are high, country image could end up with consumer selection.

• 패션비즈니스
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2017

This study investigated the effect of brand history, congruity between country of origin and conspicuous consumption of fashion brand, based on the evaluation of customers. The factorial design was constructed as a 3-way mixed design: 2(brand history: presented vs not presented) ${\times}$ 2(congruity between Country of Brand(COB) and Country of Manufacture (COM): congruent vs incongruent) ${\times}$ 2(conspicuous consumption: high vs low). A total of 302 men and women aged above 30 and living in Seoul or within the capital area, were enrolled as subjects. Of these, 26 insincere responses were excluded and a final total of 276 responses were used in the analysis. The statistical analysis included reliability analysis, three-way ANOVA, and simple interaction effect analysis with SPSS 18.0 statistics. Our results indicate that brand history, congruity between COB and COM, and conspicuous consumption had significant effect on the fashion brand preference of consumers. Furthermore, presenting the brand history resulted in higher brand preference. Second, the brand history and conspicuous consumption had a significant interaction effect on brand preference. Consumers with higher conspicuous consumption showed significantly higher brand preference than those with lower conspicuous consumption. Third, congruity between COB and COM and conspicuous consumption had a significant interaction effect on brand preference. However, when COB and COM were dissimilar no significant effect of conspicuous consumption on brand preference was observed.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.287-298
• /
• 2022

Indonesia is an agrarian country with the significant development of Shariah banking. This study aimed to estimate the effect of Third Party Funds (TPF), Non-Performing Financing (NPF), Exchange Rates (ER), and Bank Indonesia Shariah Certificates (SBIS) on the Sharia Agriculture Sector Financing in Indonesia during 2014-2020. This study used the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique to analyze the data. The coefficient of determination test showed that 99.19% of Sharia financing in the agricultural sector was influenced by TPF, NPF, Exchange Rate, and SBIS variables. The estimation results showed that the variables of TPF and ER significantly affected Sharia Financing for Agricultural Sector (PP). Meanwhile, the NPF and SBIS variables had no significant effect on PP. This research showed the resilience and accuracy of Islamic banking in selecting financing and can support the development of other Islamic financial instruments such as SBIS. Simultaneous test results demonstrated the existence of the estimating model. Because of the character of the Indonesian nation as an agricultural country, this study advised Sharia banking to prioritize the usage of third-party funds from the public for the agricultural industry. Sharia banking also needed to produce Islamic finance products that fit the agriculture business sector's needs.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.116-121
• /
• 2022

In the environment in which business is conducted, all companies will most likely have competitors, but of equal importance to the relationship between a company and its competitors is the existence of other entities that can influence the market at any time. This entity could be an emerging company that develops a new methodology rendering current approaches obsolete, or it could be a diplomatic circumstance with another country. It is critical to develop corporate strategies and economic policies to consider the possibility that such third party effects may continue to occur in the future. It is essential to move away from focusing only on bilateral relationships, and to thoroughly examine the third one and prepare countermeasures. This contribution is expected to be expanded into "The Third Party Economics" that explores considerations that have remained outside of contemporary discussions. The author proposes that all economic agents should deeply recognize not only competitors but also the existence of a third party as another axis.

• 농촌계획
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.61-72
• /
• 2022

This study was conducted to understand how the conflict experiences of those who returned to farming and country affected the relation with residents, satisfaction of movement, and participation rate in the community with 961 subjects that returned to farming and country in Uiryeong-gun. The study results are as follows. First, 15.6% of them experienced the conflicts with original residents. Second, there were differences in experiencing conflicts by the type of movement. Those who returned to farming and country from urban areas showed more experiences of conflicts with original residents than those from Uiryeong or rural areas. Therefore, it is necessary to educate those from urban areas on the detailed conflict cases and countermeasures against the conflicts. Third, those who returned to farming and country with conflict experiences showed more negative perception on the relation with residents, and lower satisfaction level on their returning. Fourth, negative correlation was found between conflict experiences and relation with residents, demonstrating lower satisfaction on the returning and participation in the community as they perceived the relation with residents more negatively. These study results can be utilized as the basic data to establish the future policies on the supports for settlement of returning to farming and country.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.23-33
• /
• 2013

Purpose - Numerous studies have tried to assess the role of a warranty as an explanatory instrument for product quality. While one study argued that manufacturers signal their superior quality to consumers by extending the duration of a warranty, quality is not necessarily related to warranty and a warranty for a short duration is a sign of high product quality. However, there are limitations to measuring product quality in terms of a single variable such as a warranty. Some other studies have evaluated the influence of brand power or value and price on the supposed quality of a product while the influence of warranty was found to be insignificant. Research design, data, methodology - The study analyzes the influence of brand power and the country of origin effect on consumers' perception of product quality in line with warranty and establishes a priority strategy. Especially, consumer experience has a significant influence on state of the art technology products like applied home electronics as these goods are generally quite expensive and consumers expend significant energy in purchasing them, so the associated warranty and brand can have a critical role in the decision making process. The price of the product was excluded in this discussion as it continually varies with the market share of the product. Results - The results of the analysis are as follows: First, each of the factors such as the standard of the warranty, brand power, and country of origin effect influences the degree of satisfaction of an individual. Second, the factors brand power and quality of the warranty interact both complementarily and synergistically at a time, depending on the brand power. As brand power is more significant, the degree of satisfaction is greater in case of products with low quality warranty compared to those with high quality warranty. Third, the brand power and country of origin effect present a complementary interaction. Fourth, the country of origin effect and quality of a warranty interact synergistically. Conclusions - Thus, the higher the quality of warranty, greater is the increment in the degree of satisfaction. The comprehensive study on the effect of the country of origin on the purchase decision process and the degree of satisfaction compared to the other elements shows that in case of Japanese and Korean markets the brand power of a company is desirable in sustaining the quality of warranty to the industrial average. Also, there is no significant improvement in the perceived quality of the product when the quality of the warranty is lowered. Therefore, the warranty effect diminishes when the value of the brand is known, while it perishes when both the brand power and the country of origin effect are strong enough.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.146-156
• /
• 2001

Objectrve : To research the trends of the study related to aging process, and to establish the direction of the study on aging process. Method : We reviewed the journal and essay about the aging process which are published as well in Korea as in foreign country. Results : 1. The study on the Oriental Medicine field can be classfied with the fourth. first, the study of single herb medication's effect on the aging process. second, the study of multiple herb medication's effect on the aging process. third, the study of herb-acupuncture solution's effect on the aging process. fourth, journal review. We find the fact that the study on the Oriental Medicine is concerned with pathology of deficiency syndrome of the kidneys, retention of phlegm and fluid, blood stasis. 2. On the Western Medicine field, mechanism and pathology of aging pracess primarily has been studied. The mechanism of aging process is classified with 'Wear and tear theory' and 'Genome-based theory'. Among the mechanism of aging process, 'Free radical theory' is the most important. Additionally 'Senescence-Accelerated Mouse' has been studied. 3. We review the journal published in foreign country and its subject was the following: first, moxibustion combined with acu-area skin allograft therapy for the aging was effective, second, the traditional chinese medicine bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang in mice have anti-aging effect. third, the overview Preventive geriatrics of Traditional chinese medicine. 4. We researched anti-aging effect study in the journal of the Korean Acupuncture and Moxibustion, and we found a few journal of Herb-acupuncture solution's anti-aging effect. Hereafter, it is necessory that we will study about relationship between acupuncture-moxibustion therpy and anti-aging effect using Senescence-Accelerated Mouse.