• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.350-355
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• 1991

갑상선 호르몬이 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase에 미치는 영향을 흰 쥐의 간을 이용하여 조사 하였다. 흰 쥐에게 갑상선 호르몬의 형성을 저지하는 thiouracil을 먹였을 때 히스티딘의 산화속도가 5배 증가 되었으며, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase의 활성도가 142%로 증가 되었고, 또한 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase의 활성도는 정상 쥐의 32% 수준으로 저하되었다. thyroid powder를 먹여 갑상선 기능이 항진된 상태에서는 이와 반대 경향을 보였다. 갑상선의 기능이 저하되었을 때 히스티딘의 산화속도가 상승되는 것은 methylenetretrahydrofolate reductase의 활성도의 감소로 인해, folate를 필요로 하는 반응에서 주로 이용되는 non-methyl folate의 비율이 증가되었기 때문이며, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase의 활성도의 상승으로 인해 히스티딘의 산화속도는 더욱 증가한 것으로 보인다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.679-686
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• 2012

This study was to elucidate the effects of Ukgan-san on the hyperthyroidism induced by sodium levothyroxine. Hyperthyroidisms were induced by continuous subcutaneous treatment of LT4, 0.3 mg/kg, once a day for 27days, and 1,500, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg of Ulkansan extracts were orally administered, once a day for 15 days from 12th LT4 treatment, and the changes on the body, thyroid gland, liver and epididymal fat pad weights, serum triiodothyronine(T3), thyroxine(T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH), asparte aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations, hepatic lipid peroxidation(LPO), glutathione(GSH), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) activities were investigated with throid gland, liver and epididymal fat pad histopathological changes. The effects of Ukan-san extracts were compared with that of propyl thiouracil(PTU), a standard antithyroidic drug 10 mg/kg(intraperitoneally). 1,500 and 1,000 mg/kg of Ukan-san extracts reversed all LT4-induced hyperthyroidisms and these effects indicating their potential in the regulation of hyperthyroidism. Further, the Ukan-san extract normalized LT4-induced liver oxidative stresses, and also reduced liver damages and epididymal fat pad reducements suggesting its antioxidative and relative organ protective nature. However, nor favorable effects on LT4-induced hyperthyroidisms were detected in Ulkansan 500 mg/kg treated rats as compared with LT4 control rats in the present study. These effects of Ukan-san may help improvement of hyperthyroidisms and accompanied various organ damages.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.34-38
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• 2019

Hypogonadism is a clinical syndrome that results in hormone deficiency and can be classified as 1) primary caused by the gonadal failure and 2) secondary by the hypothalamus-pituitary gland dysfunction and/or cardiometabolic complications. Recently the presence of thyroid hormone receptors in different testicular cell types was demonstrated, and thus thyroid dysfunctions would be another cause of secondary hypogonadism. Thus, we investigated the effects of perinatal hypothyroidism on hypogonadism in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Perinatal hypothyroidism was induced by daily administration of 0.05% 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) by tap water from gestation day 15, which were compared with negative control (PTU (-)) group. At postnatal day 28, hypothyroid pups were divided into 2 groups: PTU (+) group - continued PTU treatment and PTU (+/-) group - stopped PTU until postnatal day 49. Body weights, dehydrotesosterone (DHT), and testosterone levels were checked 2 and 3 weeks after grouping. Body weights were significantly decreased in PTU(+) and PTU(+/-) groups compared with PTU (-) group at postnatal day 28. 3 weeks later, PTU (+/-) group significantly gained weight compared with PTU (+) group. DHT and testosterone levels significantly decreased with PTU treatment, but increased 3 weeks after stopping PTU administration. Perinatal PTU-induced hypothyroid hypogonadism was sustained for 2 weeks after stopping PTU administration, but restored gonadal hormone levels 3 weeks after stopping PTU. These results suggest that researchers should design an experiment on hypothyroid hypogonadism based on the estimated period.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.989-995
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• 2011

Hypothyroidism is the most common disease in the endocrine system. Cistanche Deserticola has been used traditionally in the treatment of kidney deficiency and Yang deficiency syndrome. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of Cistanche Deserticola on Hypothyroidism rat model induced by PTU. 24 Two-month-old Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 4 groups : 1) normal(n=6), 2) PTU-induced hypothyroidism control(n=6), 3) hypothyroidism rat treated with Cistanche Deserticola(n=6), 4) hypothyroidism rat treated with levothyroxine(n=6). PTU was administered for 4 weeks. Cistanche Deserticola and levothyroxine was administered 2 weeks after PTU was initiated for a total duration of 2 week. Body weights were checked every week and after 4 weeks, biochemical analysis was performed and T3, T4 and TSH were measured by ELISA kits. In comparison with the normal group, the control group showed hypothyroidism with lower T3, T4 level and higher TSH level. In the Cistanche group the level of T4 was significantly increased and TSH level was significantly decreased. There was no significant difference in biochemical labs and weight between the Cistanche group and the control group. These findings suggest that Cistanche Deserticola could help the production of thyroid hormones under PTU suppression. And there is no harmful effect on liver and kidney function, and other metabolism. According to these results Cistanche Deserticola could be an useful agent for treating hypothyroidism.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1182-1189
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• 2004

Cytosine deaminase (cytosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.1) stoichiometrically catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of cytosine and 5-fluorocytosine to uracil and 5-fluorouracil, respectively. The intracellular cytosine deaminase from Chromobacterium violaceum YK 391 was purified to apparent homogeneity with 272.9-fold purification with an overall yield of $13.8\%$. The enzyme consisted of dimeric polypeptides of 63 kDa, and the total molecular mass was calculated to be approximately 126 kDa. Besides cytosine, the enzyme deaminated 5-fluorocytosine, cytidine, 6-azacytosine, and 5-methylcytosine, but not 5-azacytosine. Optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme reaction were 7.5 and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme was stable at pH 6.0 to 8.0, and at 30T for a week. About $70\%$ of the enzyme activity was retained at $60^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. The apparent $K_{m}$ values for cytosine, 5-fluorocytosine, and 5-methylcytosine were calculated to be 0.38 mM, 0.87 mM, and 2.32 mM, respectively. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by 1 mM $Hg^{2+},\;Zn^{2+},\;Cu^{2+},\;Pb^{2+},\;and\;Fe^{3+}$, and by o-phenanthroline, $\alpha,\;{\alpha}'$-dipyridyl, p-choromercuribenzoate, N-bromosuccinimide, and cWoramine­T. In addition, the enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by I mM 2-thiouracil, and weakly inhibited by 2-thiocytosine, or 5-azacytosine. Finally, intracellular and extracellular cytosine deaminases from Chromobacterium violaceum YK 391 were found to have a different optimum temperature, apparent $K_{m}$ value, and molecular mass.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.173-179
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• 1988

Since 1931, sporadic reports have appeared noting an apparent association between hyperthyroidism and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Recent various studies suggested that these two diseases may share a similar immunologic background, but the the exact mechanism is still a matter of speculation. This 22-year old female patient visisted this hospital because of general weakness and purpura of legs for 2 months. The laboratory findings were compatible with Graves' disease associated with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The palatclet count was 16000/$mm^3$, hemoglobulin was 10.9g/dl and MCV was 60.1tL. T3 was 490.53ng/dL, T4 was 24ug/dL and free T4 was 5.66ng/dL. Antiplatelet antibody and anti-microsomal antibody were positive. The bone marrow findings were compatible with tron deficiency anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The thyroid biopsy showed adenomatous goiter. She was administered with propyl thiouracil, Beta-blocker, iron and prednisolon. On the 10th hospital day, platelet count was 184000/$mm^3$, hemoglobulin was 12.0gm/dL and MCV was 67.5fL. On the 20th hospital day, T4 was 10.35ug/dL and free T4 was 2.30ng/dL. Therefore she was discharged and followed up.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2004

The effects of Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) leaf, Emblica officinalis (Euphorbiaceae) fruit and Ocimum sanctum. (Labiateae) leaf extracts were studied in L-thyroxine (0.5 mg/kg) induced hyperthyroidic mice. Separately combined effects of these three plant extracts and of a commonly used antithyroidic drug, Propyl thiouracil (PTU) were investigated for comparison. Serum concentration of thyroxine $(T_4)$, triiodothyronine $(T_3)$, glucose and the activity of hepatic Glucose 6-Phosphatase (G-6-Pase) were considered as main parameters. Hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activities were also studied to reveal the toxic effect of the plant extracts, if any. While exogenous $T_4$ enhanced serum concentration of $T_4$, $T_3$, glucose and the activity of hepatic G-6-Pase, a simultaneous administration of either A. marmelos leaf (1.0 mg/kg), E. officinalis fruit( 30 mg/kg) and O. sanctum leaf (50 mg/kg) extracts, to hyperthyroidic animals decreased all these parameters. However, the effects were more pronounced, as nearly normal thyroid function and serum glucose concentration were exhibited when all three plant extracts were administered together. A decrease in LPO and a concomitant increase in SOD and the CAT activities indicated the safe and antiperoxidative nature of the plant extracts, administered either alone or in combination. Our findings reveal that the three test plant materials exhibit synergistic effects without any hepatotoxicity, suggesting their potential use in the amelioration of hyperthyroidism and/ or hyperglycaemia.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.425-436
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• 2010

Objectives : Hypothyroidism is a relatively common endocrinologic disease, especially among older women. Western medical doctors treat hypothyroidism with levothyroxine, however there are several side effects, including thyrotoxicosis, atrial fibrillation, osteoporosis, etc. Therefore, traditional Korean medicine(TKM) offers an appealing alternative therapy for hypothyroidism. In this study, Cuscuta Semen was used to analyze its possible effect on a hypothyroidism rat model induced by propylthiouracil(PTU). Methods : 24 two-month-old Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were divided into 4 groups: normal (n=6), PTU-induced hypothyroidism control(n=6), hypothyroidism rat treated with Cuscuta Semen (n=6), and hypothyroidism rat treated with levothyroxine(n=6). PTU was administered for 4 weeks, Cuscuta Semen and levothyroxine was administered 2 weeks after PTU was initiated for a total duration of 2 weeks. Blood samples from all the rats were taken from their hearts and analyzed. Results : When compared to the normal group, the PTU-induced control group showed significantly lower $T_4$, $T_3$ levels and significantly higher TSH level, which is indicative of hypothyroidism. The Cuscuta Semen group had significantly higher $T_4$ and significantly lower TSH than the control group(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in biochemical labs and weight between the Cuscuta Semen and control groups. Conclusions : These results suggest that Cuscuta Semen could be effective in increasing thyroid hormone production, and be powerful enough to affect the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Also, no adverse effects related with Cuscuta Semen were found, suggesting that it is relatively safe to administer. In conclusion, it seems that Cuscuta Semen is a safe alternative medicine for hypothyroidism.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2008

연구의 목적은 N1과 6번 자리에 다른 치환기를 가진 5-cyano가 치환된 pyrimidine 아날로그의 새로운 시리즈의 합성과 그것들의 항균성과 항진균성의 활성도에 대해 평가하기 위해서이다. 이 화합물은 MORE technique 를 이용한 potassium carbonate 의 존재하에서 ethylcyanoacetate, 치환된 thioureas, 적당한 알데히드의 제 3차 축합으로 합성 되어졌다. 항균성과 항진균성의 활성도는 25 mg의 농도에서 cup-plate 방법으로 측정되었다. 억제구역은 mm로 측정 되어졌다. 모든 화합물은 좋은 항균성과 항진균성을 보여주었다. P1과 P5는 S.aureus과 E.coli에 대해 최대 활성도를 보여주었고, P6은 모든 종류의 미생물에 대해 좋은 활성도를 보여주었다. P8 화합물은 C. albicans 에 대해 좋은 효과가 있음을 알아냈다. Norfloxacin와 griseofulvin는 합성된 화합물의 활성도와 비교되는 기준물질로 사용되었다. 6번 자리에 p-hydroxy와 p-methoxy로 치환된 phenyl moiety를 가진 gram-양성 미생물에 대해 강력했고, 6번 자리에 이것들이 없는 phenyl moiety 를 가진 아날로그는 gram-음성 활성도를 가졌다,6번 자리에 p-dimethylamino로 치환된 phenyl moiety를 가진 화합물은 적당한 활성을 보여준다.. 게다가 N1자리에서 단지 fluorine을 포함한 아날로그는 상당한 항진균성을 가졌음을 밝혀냈다. N1자리에서 aryl moiety 의 전자 끌게 치환과 마찬가지로 전자 주게 치환은 화합물의 결정된 능력에 중요한 역할을 함을 제시한다.