• Composites Research
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.315-320
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• 2023

In the manufacturing process of thermosetting carbon fiber composite materials using an autoclave, the internal temperature changes according to the set temperature cycle. This temperature change causes the resin in the composite material to cure. Heat is generated through the chemical reaction of the resin, which can result in a difference between the temperature inside the autoclave and the temperature of the composite material. Previous research assumed that the temperatures of the composite material and the autoclave were the same and analyzed to predict the residual stress and thermal deformation after manufacturing. However, these stresses and deformations depend on the temperature and degree of cure of the composite material. Therefore, this study verifies a thermal-chemical model analysis technique that takes into account the heat generated by the chemical reaction of the resin to accurately calculate the temperature and degree of cure. Additionally, case studies were conducted for different thicknesses to investigate whether this model exhibits similar trends across varying thicknesses.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.235-243
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• 2023

This paper presents the fabrication process of water-lubricated plastic bearings. Plastic bearings require good mechanical properties and tribological properties as well as elasticity and shock resistance, especially when lubricated in dirty water conditions. In this study, sleeve-type plastic bearings are produced by winding a prepreg sheet, which primary contains nitrile rubber (NBR)-modified epoxy, self-lubricating fillers, and various types of lattice-structured reinforcing fibers such as carbon, Aramid, and polyethylene terephthalate. A thermosetting epoxy is chemically modified with NBR to impart elasticity and low-friction characteristics in water conditions. Experimental investigations are conducted to examine the mechanical and tribological characteristics of the developed bearing materials, and the results are compared with the characteristics of a commercial plastic bearing (Thordon SXL), well known as a water-lubricated bearing. A Thordon bearing (mainly composed of polyurethane) exhibits an extremely low load-bearing capacity and is thus only suitable for medium loading (1~10MPa). The tribological characteristics of the test materials are evaluated through Falex block-on-ring (LFW-1) friction and wear tests. The results indicate that friction exhibited by the carbon-fiber-reinforced NBR-10wt.%-modified epoxy composite material, incorporated with the addition of 20wt.% UHMWPE and 6wt.% paraffin wax, is lower than that of the Thorden bearings, whereas its wear resistance surpass that of Thorden ones. Because of these features, the load carrying capacity of the fabricated composite (>10MPa) is higher than that of the Thorden bearings. These results confirm the applicability of water-lubricated plastic bearing materials developed in this study.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2020

Epoxy adhesive was mainly used to combine different composite materials. Epoxy adhesive was a typical thermosetting resin that can be bonded by changing from a linear structure to a three-dimensional network structure by curing reaction of epoxy and hardener. The curing conditions of epoxy adhesive were different with different types of hardener such as mixing ratio, curing time, and temperature. These curing conditions affected to the adhesive property of epoxy adhesive. In industry, it was difficult to proceed the applying epoxy adhesive and combining two parts immediately. The adhesive property decreased by humidity and pre-curing of epoxy adhesive in waiting time between two processes. In this paper, the glass fiber reinforced composite (GFRC) was combined with epoxy adhesive and adhesion property between epoxy adhesive and GFRCs was evaluated using single lap shear test. The different waiting times and humidity conditions were applied to epoxy adhesive in room temperature and adhesive property decreased as the waiting time increased. In small amount of humidity, the adhesive property increased because a small amount of moisture in the surroundings accelerated the curing reaction. In certain amount of humidity, however, the adhesion property decreased.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.359-366
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• 2001

Isothermal physical aging of a glass fiber/epoxy composite was examined at different aging temperatures ($T_a$) and degrees of conversion (monitored by the glass transition temperature, $T_g$) by means of the TBA torsion pendulum technique. The range of aging temperature was from 10 to $130^{\circ}C$ : the conversion was systematically changed from $T_g$=$76^{\circ}C$ to $T_g$=$177^{\circ}C$ (fully crosslinked). The effect of isothermal physical aging was manifested as perturbations of the modulus and mechanical loss vs. temperature in the vicinity of $T_a$ for all conversions. The rate of isothermal physical aging determined from the change of modulus with aging time at fixed aging temperature decreased and then increased with increasing conversion below T$_{a}$=9$0^{\circ}C$. There exists a superposition in aging rate vs. ($T_g$ -$T_a$) by shifting horizontally and vertically. This implies that the physical aging process is independent of the change of chemical structure as conversion proceeds. It has been found that water absorbed at the aging temperature below $70^{\circ}C$ during isothermal physical aging lowers the apparent aging rate. It is due to the absorbed water molecules forming strong polar interactions with hydroxyl group on network chain and reducing the segmental mobility during the physical aging.g.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.13 no.1 s.38
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• pp.37-42
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• 2006

The preparation and processing of PVP-gate insulators on the device performance have been studied in the fabrication of organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). One of polyvinyl series, poly-4-vinyl phenol(PVP) was used as a solute and propyleneglycol monomethyl etheracetate(PGMEA) as a solvent in the formation of organic gate solutions. The cross-linking of organic insulators was also attempted by adding the thermosetting material, poly (melamine-co-formaldehyde) as a hardener in the compounds. From the measurements of electrical insulating characteristics of metal-insulator-metal (MIM) samples, PVP-based insulating layers showed lower leakage current according to the increase of concentration of PVP and poly (melamine-co-formaldehyde) to PGMEA in the formation of organic solutions. The PVP(20 wt%) copolymer with composition of 20 wt% PVP to PGMEA and cross-linked PVPs in which 5 wt% and 10 wt% poly (melamine-co-formaldehyde) hardeners had been additional]y mixed into PVP(20 wt%) copolymers were used as gate dielectrics in the fabrication of OTFTs, respectively. In our experiments, the maximum field effect mobility of $0.31cm^2/Vs$ could be obtained in the 5 wt% cross-linked PVP(20 wt%) device and the highest on/off current ratio of $1.92{\times}10^5$ in the 10 wt% cross-linked PVP(20 wt%) device.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.78-89
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• 2001

Morphological changes of unsaturated polyester/polyvinylacetate semi-IPN were studied while the phase separation and the cure reaction occurred in a competing fashion. The light scattering and thermal analysis techniques were used to investigate the phase separation rates and mechanical properties resultantly induced by molecular diffusion of thermoplastic polymer during the curing process of thermosetting polymer. The reaction activation energy was calculated by using Flynn-Wall method and the semi-IPN structure exhibited various phase-separation morphological characteristics. When PVAc composition was 10 wt%, the phase separation was not observed during the curing reaction, but the phase separation occurred in a similar fashion to nucleation and growth(NG) mechanism at room temperature. On the other hand, when PVAc composition was over 11.65 wt%, the phase separation was generated in the middle of the curing process. Consequently, the phase separation seemed to influence the curing reaction rate, which was also supported by the changing activation energy with conversion and PVAc composition. Finally, the total scattered intensity was measured at various temperature, and subsequently the diffusion rates of phase separation R(${\beta}m$) were evaluated.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2001

Unsaturated polyester(UP) resin is one of the major thermosetting resins. It is very useful as the matrix resin of the composite material because of its low viscosity. The polymer resin, however, has several drawbacks; The volume shrinkage occurs during the crosslinking reaction of the UP resin with styrene monomer and the resulting polymer is weak to the alkali and also brittle. The mechanical properties of UP resin can be improved by blending various materials. In this study, polyurethane(PU) was used as a modifier in order to enhance the toughness of the UP resin. The goal of the research is to study the effect of the polyol molecular weight as a PU soft segment and the PU contents on the toughness of PU-modified UP resins. UP/PU polymer network may occur through the reaction between isocyanate group in the methyldiisocyanate(MDI) and hydroxyl group in the UP molecules. The maximum toughness value was shown at 2 wt% of the PU content. This effect results from the incorporation of the PU segment into the UP resin.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.595-601
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• 2014

The microstructures of NATM were examined by SEM, FT-IR spectra, tensile properties, mole % of [NCO/OH], and particle size analyzer. Growing concerns in the environment-friendly industries have led to the development of solvent-free formulations that can be cured. We had synthesized NATM(New Austria Tunnel Method) resin having the ability to protect stainless steel against corrosion. Comparing with general NATM resin and coatings, this resin that synthesized with polyurethane and epoxy was highly stronger in intensity and longer durability. Hybrid resin was composed of polyols, MDI, epoxy, silicone surfactant, catalyst and crosslink agent, and fillers. Moreover, fillers such as fume silica not only accelerated the curing rate but also improved the physical property as thermal barriers. The rigid segments of synthetic resin in mechanical properties were due to fume silica and the increase the mole% of [NCO/OH] for corrosion protection. In conclusion, the hybrid resin microstructure with crosslink agent and fume silica are good material for thermosetting coating of metal substrates such as stainless steel.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.627-638
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• 1992

PPG and BPA-type polyurethane prepolymers(NCO terminated) were obtained from bisphenol A and four types of PPG, having different molecular weight and numbers of functional groups. PPG and BPA-type polyurethane dimethacrylates were synthesized by reacting PPG and BPA-type polurethane prepolymer with 2-HEMA respectively. PPG-type polyurethane dimethacrylates were formulated with initiator(CHP), inhibitor(hydroquinone) and reactive diluent(TEGDMA). The effect of formulation on the torque changes was studied. Four kinds of PPG-type polyurethane dimethacrylates, having different molecular weight and numbers of functional group, were formulated with the same amount of CHP, TEGDMA and hydroquinone. The effects of the molecular weight of PPG-type polyurethane dimethacrylate and functional group numbers of PPG-type polyurethane dimethacrylates on the torque were investigated. These results showed that the torque of PPG-type polyurethane dimethacrylates, having same numbers of functional group, increased with decreasing molecular weight of dimethacrylates and torque of PPG-type polyurethane dimethacrylate, having similar molecular weight, was increased with increasing the number of fuctional group. The glass-transition temperature(Tg) of gels obtained by thermosetting cure for the four kinds of PPG-type polyurethane dimethacrylates were measured by DSC and molecular weights between cross-links(Mc) were calculated from Tg changes.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.47-58
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• 2001

For finding both ways of recycling the wood and plastic wastes and solving the problem of free formaldehyde gas emission through manufacturing wood particle-polypropylene fiber composite board without addition of formaldehyde-based thermosetting resin adhesive, control particleboards and nonwoven web composite boards from wood particle and polypropylene fiber formulation of 50 : 50, 60 : 40, and 70 : 30 were manufactured at density levels of 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 g/$cm^3$, and were tested both in the physical and mechanical properties according to ASTM D 1037-93. In the physical properties, control particleboard had significantly higher moisture content than composite board. In composite board, moisture content decreased with the increase of target density only in the board with higher content of polypropylene fiber and also appeared to increase with the increase of wood particle content at a given target density. Control particleboard showed significantly greater water absorption than composite board and its water absorption decreased with the increase of target density. In composite board, water absorption decreased with the increase of target density at a given formulation but increased with the increase of wood particle content at a given target density. After 2 and 24 hours immersion, control particleboard was significantly higher in thickness swelling than composite board and its thickness swelling increased with the increase of target density. In composite board, thickness swelling did not vary significantly with the target density at a given formulation but its thickness swelling increased as wood particle content increased at a given target density. Static bending MOR and MOE under dry and wet conditions increased with the increase of target density at a given formulation of wood particle and polypropylene fiber. Especially, the MOR and MOE under wet condition were considerably larger in composite board than in control particleboard. In general, composite board showed superior bending strength properties to control particleboard, And the composite board made from wood particle and polypropylene fiber formulation of 50 : 50 at target density of 0.8 g/$cm^3$ exhibited the greatest bending strength properties. Though problems in uniform mixing and strong binding of wood particle with polypropylene fiber are unavoidable due to their extremely different shape and polarity, wood particle-polypropylene fiber composite boards with higher performance, as a potential substitute for the commercial particleboards, could be made just by controlling processing variables.