• Atmosphere
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.297-307
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• 2009

The synoptic structures and the dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics of Changma in 2007 are investigated using the ECMWF analysis data and the radiosonde data from KEOP-2007 IOP. The enhancement of the North-Pacific High into the Korean peninsula and the retreat of the Okhotsk High are shown during the onset of Changma and the change of wind component from southwesterly to northwesterly is appeared during the end of Changma. The baroclinic atmosphere is dominant during Changma at most regions over the Korean peninsula except at Gosan and Sokcho. The quasi-barotropic atmosphere is induced at Gosan by warm air mass and Sokcho by cold air mass. Precipitation in the Korean peninsula occurs when dynamic instability is strengthened as the baroclinic and qusi-barotropic structure is weakened. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is performed to find the dominant modes of variability in Changma. The first EOF explains the onset of Changma. The second EOF is related to the discrimination for existence and nonexistence of precipitation during Changma period according to the alternation of equivalent potential temperature between middle and lower atmosphere.

• Atmosphere
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.457-470
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• 2014

Thermodynamic conditions related with localized torrential rainfall in the middle west region of Korean peninsula are examined using radar rain rate and radiosonde observational data. Localized torrential rainfall events in this study are defined by three criteria base on 1) any one of Automated Synoptic Observing System (ASOS) hourly rainfall exceeds $30mmhr^{-1}$ around Osan, 2) the rain (> $1mmhr^{-1}$) area estimated from radar reflectivity is less than $20,000km^2$, and 3) the rain (> $10mmhr^{-1}$) cell is detected clearly and duration is short than 24 hr. As a result, 13 cases were selected during the summer season of 10 years (2004-13). It was found that the duration, the maximum rain area, and the maximum volumetric rain rate of convective cells (> $30mmhr^{-1}$) are less than 9hr, smaller than $1,000km^2$, and $15,000{\sim}60,000m^3s^{-1}$ in these cases. And a majority of cases shows the following thermodynamic characteristics: 1) Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) > $800Jkg^{-1}$, 2) Convective Inhibition (CIN) < $40Jkg^{-1}$, 3) Total Precipitable Water (TPW) ${\approx}$ 55 mm, and 4) Storm Relative Helicity (SRH) < $120m^2s^{-2}$. These cases mostly occurred in the afternoon. These thermodynamic conditions indicated that these cases were caused by strong atmospheric instability, lifting to overcome CIN, and sufficient moisture. The localized torrential rainfall occurred with deep moisture convection result from the instability caused by convective heating.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2012

In many applications of functional oxides originally homogeneous materials are exposed to gradients in the chemical potential of oxygen. Prominent examples are solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) or oxygen permeation membranes (OPMs). Other thermodynamic potential gradients are gradients of electrical potential, temperature or uni-axial pressure. The applied gradients act as generalized thermodynamic forces and induce directed fluxes of the mobile components. These fluxes may lead to three basic degradation phenomena of the materials, which are kinetic demixing, kinetic decomposition, and morphological instabilities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.413-418
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• 2008

Flow instability in the rocket turbo pump system can be caused by various reasons such as valve, orifice and venturi, etc. The inception of cavitation, especially in the propellant feeding system, is the primary cause of the mass flow and pressure oscillation due to cyclic formation and depletion of cavitation. Meanwhile, the main propellant in liquid rocket engine is the cryogenic one, which is very sensitive to temperature variation, and the variation of propellant properties caused by thermodynamic effect should be accounted for in the flow analysis. The present study focuses on the formation of cryogenic cavitations by adopting IDM model suggested by Shyy and coworkers. Also, the flow instability was investigated in the downstream of orifice by using a developed numerical code. Calculation results show that cryogenic cavitations can lead to flow instability resulting in mass flow fluctuations due to pressure oscillations. And the prediction of cavitations in cryogenic fluid is of vital importance in designing feeding system of LRE.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.320-329
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• 2008

The influence of thermodynamic transition associated with transcritical nitrogen injection upon the flow structure was investigated to explore numerical simulation of the injectant dynamics of oxygen/hydrogen coaxial jet in liquid rocket engines. Single and coaxial nitrogen jets were treated by comparing the transcritical and perfect-gaseous conditions, wherein the numerical model was accommodative to the real-fluid thermodynamics and transport properties at supercritical pressures. The model was in the first place validated by comparing the results of transcritical nitrogen injection between calculations and available experiments. For a single jet under the transcritical condition, the nitrogen kept a relatively high density up to its pseudo-critical temperature inside the mixing layer, since it remains less expanding until heated up to its pseudo-critical temperature. Numerical analysis revealed that cryogenic jets exhibit strong dependence of specific enthalpy profile upon the associated density profile that are both dominated by turbulent thermal diffusion. In the numerical model, therefore, exact evaluation of turbulent heat fluxes becomes very important for simulating turbulent cryogenic jets under supercritical pressures. Concerning the coaxial jets due to transcritical/gaseous nitrogen injections, the density profile inside the mixing layer was again affected by the thermodynamic transition of nitrogen. However, hydrodynamic instability modes of the inner jet did not show significant differences by this thermodynamic transition, so that further study is needed for the mixing process downstream of the near injection position.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.29 no.5 s.236
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• pp.647-654
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• 2005

This research Proposes a Process design of injection molded microcellular plastic gears for enhancing the fatigue strength/durability and accuracy of the gears applying thermodynamic instability to microcellular foaming process. To develop the injection molded plastic gears by way of microceliular process, it is absolutely necessary the following two process design. The first is microcellular forming process for enhancing the strength/durability of plastic gears. To be microcellular process succeeded, based on the microcellular principle, mechanical apparatus is designed where nucleation and cell growth are to be generated renewably. The second is the counter pressure process which is mainly fur improving the tooth surface roughness and the accuracy of microcellular gears. For the former process, screw, nozzle and gas equipment are newly designed, and for the latter, counter pressure by nitrogen gas is intentionally brought about into mold cavity when injecting plastic gears. Based on the proposed process design, using gear mold, experiments of injection molding show that, in internal space of plastic gears, microcellular nuclear cells less than 5 lim in diameter have been generated homogeneously via electron microscope photos.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.695-702
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• 2008

Flow instability in the rocket turbo pump systems can be caused by various elements such as valve, orifice and venturi and etc. The formation of cavitation specially in the propellant feeding system can trigger the mass flow and pressure oscillation due to cyclic formation and depletion of cavitations. If the cryogenic propellant are used, which is very sensitive to temperature variation, the change of propellant properties due to thermodynamic effect should be accounted for in the flow analysis. This study focuses on the formation of cryogenic cavitation adopting MUSHY IDM model suggested by Shyy and coworkers. Also, the flow instability is investigated with developed numerical code in the downstream of orifice flow. To this end, three different orifices are selected and investigated by the numerical calculation.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.363-366
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• 2012

Detonative combustion is considered as a promising combustion mechanism for improving thermodynamic efficiency of power generation systems as a PGC, as well as high-speed propulsion systems. Among the various types of detonative combustion, RDE is fascinated by many researchers because of the simplicity and continuos operation characteristics. Present paper is an introduction to the physical and operational concept of RDE with a brief history of RDE researches and recent development activities. Additional discussions will devoted to the relevance to the tangential mode instabilities in liquid rocket engines and improvement of liquid rocket performance.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.315-327
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• 2016

Undergoing large volumetric changes upon incremental environmental stimulation, hydrogels are interesting materials which hold immense potentials for utilization in a wide array of applications in diverse industries. Owing to the large magnitudes of deformation it undergoes, swelling induced instability is a commonly observed sight in all types of gels. In this work, we investigate the instability of photo-thermal sensitive hydrogels, produced by impregnating light absorbing nano-particles into the polymer network of a temperature sensitive hydrogel, such as PNIPAM. Earlier works have shown that by using lights of different intensities, these hydrogels follow different swelling trends. We investigate the possibility of utilizing this fact for remote switching applications. The analysis is built on a thermodynamic framework of inhomogeneous large deformation of hydrogels and implemented via commercial finite element software, ABAQUS. Various examples of swelling induced instabilities, and its corresponding dependence on light intensity, will be investigated. We show that the instabilities that arise have their morphologies dependent on the light intensity.

• Atmosphere
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.177-188
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• 2017

The development mechanisms of an unusual heavy snowfall event, which occurred in the coast of Jeju Island on 23 January 2016 were investigated through a thermodynamic approach. The formation of heavy snowfall was attributed to the enhanced thermal convection in two ways. First, the convection was enhanced by the air-sea temperature difference between the cold air advection in low-troposphere associated with the strengthening of the Siberian High and abnormal warm sea surface temperature, which is $1{\sim}2^{\circ}C$ higher than normal year over the Yellow Sea (YS). Second, the convective instability was increased by the vertical temperature gradient between the 7 days-sustained cold air advection in low-troposphere and the abrupt cold air intrusion in mid-troposphere induced by the southward shift of a cold cut-off vortex ($-45^{\circ}C$) at the formation stage. Compared to the twelve hours prior to the formation, the low-level moisture increased by 5% through the moisture supply from the YS, and the air-sea temperature difference increased from $18.5^{\circ}C$ to $28.5^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, the upward sensible (latent) heat flux increased 1.5 (1.2) times over the YS before the twelve hours prior to the formation. Thereafter, the sustained moisture supply and upward turbulent heat flux helped to maintain the snowstorm.