• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.203-213
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of sustained natural appophyseal glides (SNAGS) on pain and lumbar stability in patients with chronic low back pain. Methods : The subjects were assigned randomly devided SNAGS group(n=18) and control group(n=18). The SNAGS group received Infrared(IR) used thermal therapy for 20minutes, Interference current therapy(ICT) used electrical therapy for 10minutes and SNAGS for 10minutes to 15minutes. The control group received IR used thermal therapy for 20minutes, ICT used electrical therapy for 10minutes and active stretching exercise for 10minutes to 15minutes. The visual analogue scale(VAS) and lumbar stability were measured at pre-treatment and post-treatment. Results : The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. The VAS score of SNAGS group and control group was significantly within-subjects pre-test and post-test (p<.05), there was significantly difference between-subjects on each groups(p<.05). 2. The SNAGS group was significantly increased in variation of lumbar stability on $0^{\circ}$, $180^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $-90^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $-45^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$ and $-135^{\circ}$ within-subjects pre-test and post-test(p<.05), but The control group wasn't significantly increased in variation of lumbar stability on $0^{\circ}$, $180^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $-90^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $-45^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$ and $-135^{\circ}$ within-subjects pre-test and post-test(p>.05). There was significantly difference between-subjects on each groups(p<.05). Conclusion : In conclusion, SNAGS found that effective to decrease of pain and increase of lumbar stability. Therefore, the results of this study suggests that SNAGS is beneficial treatment for chronic low back pain.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2021

본 연구는 혐기성 소화의 전처리로써 열가수분해와 고액분리가 결합된 공정의 성능을 평가하였다. 탈수케이크는 열가수분해를 통해 가용화되며, 이후 고액분리를 수행한다. 고액 분리된 액상은 혐기성 소화에 기질로써 이용되고 고형물은 열가수분해로 회수된다. 열가수분해의 가용화율(COD 기준)은 45.1-49.3%이며 고액분리와 결합한 공정은 76.1-77.6%로 나타났다. Dual-pool two-step model을 통해 도출된 메탄 발생 특성을 살펴보면 고액 분리된 액상의 전체 분해 가능한 물질 중 분해가 빠른 물질의 비(a)는 0.891-0.911로 열가수분해된 시료에 비해 높게 나타났다. 반면에 분해가 빠른 물질의 반응 속도(kF)는 유사하게 나타났다. 이를 통해 열가수분해와 고액분리가 결합한 공정은 열가수분해를 통해 분해가 빠른 물질을 생성하고, 고액분리를 통해 선별하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1401-1411
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• 2019

Mycobacterial cell walls comprise thick and diverse lipids and glycolipids that act as a permeability barrier to antibiotics or other chemical agents. The use of OH radicals from a non-thermal plasma jet (NTPJ) for the inactivation of mycobacteria in aqueous solution was adopted as a novel approach. Addition of water vapor in a nitrogen plasma jet generated OH radicals, which converted to hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) that inactivated non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis and pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. A stable plasma plume was obtained from a nitrogen plasma jet with 1.91 W of power, killing Escherichia coli and mycobacteria effectively, whereas addition of catalase decreased the effects of the former. Mycobacteria were more resistant than E. coli to NTPJ treatment. Plasma treatment enhanced intracellular ROS production and upregulation of genes related to ROS stress responses (thiolrelated oxidoreductases, such as SseA and DoxX, and ferric uptake regulator furA). Morphological changes of M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis H37Rv were observed after 5 min treatment with $N_2+H_2O$ plasma, but not of pre-incubated sample with catalase. This finding indicates that the bactericidal efficacy of NTPJ is related to the toxicity of OH and $H_2O_2$ radicals in cells. Therefore, our study suggests that NTPJ treatment may effectively control pulmonary infections caused by M. tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) such as M. avium or M. abscessus in water.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.46-54
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• 2015

본 연구는 하수처리장에서 발생되는 생슬러지와 잉여슬러지를 대상으로 열적가용화 공정의 적용성을 평가하였다. 열적가용화 효율 및 특성평가는 각 슬러지를 대상으로 $100{\sim}220^{\circ}C$ 온도범위에서 30분간 전처리를 수행한 후 실시되었다. 그 결과, 가용화 온도가 상승함에 따라 $SCOD_{Cr}$, $NH_4{^+}$, VFAs 농도가 증가하는 경향을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 COD 가용화효율 평가 결과, 온도 상승에 비례하는 경향이 나타나 열적가용화에 의해 가수분해 및 산발표 단계를 촉진시킨 것으로 판단된다. BMP (Biochemical Methane Potential) 실험을 통해 생슬러지의 경우 $220^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높은 biogas 생산량을 보여주었으나, 증가율은 5.6%로 열적가용화에 의한 효과가 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 반면 잉여슬러지의 경우 최대 38.8% ( $180^{\circ}C$) 증가하여, 열적가용화 공정은 잉여슬러지에 대한 적용성이 더욱 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate meta-analysis on the effects of exercise therapy and physiotherapy on pain in korean patients with chronic low back pain. Method: Meta-analysis was performed on the type and method of treatment. A total of 23 experimental studies were coding into 31 individual studies, into types, methods, visual analogue scale (VAS), each pre/post value of the effect size was calculated by meta-analysis. Results: Sling exercise, stretching, thermal therapy, kinesio-taping, lumbar stabilization exercise, electrotherapy is large effect size (ES ≥ .08). In addition, big effects occurred in order of treatment period is more than 9 weeks, three times a week. Conclusion: Our results indicated that persistent treatment of chronic back pain is the most effective method of self-sufficiency rather than temporary relief.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2010년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.25.2-25.2
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• 2010

CNT(Carbon Nanotube)는 특이한 구조 및 뛰어난 물성을 갖고 있어, 여러가지 분야에 응용 가능한 신소재로서 연구되어 왔다. 또한 모양 및 구조에 따라 기계, 전기, 화학적인 특성이 달라 다양한 분야에서 활용이 가능하다. 외국에서는 FED tip, TR, 디스플레이 소자, 수소저장체, 고강도 복합체 및 대 표면적 전극 등 CNT의 다양한 특성을 이용한 응용이 연구되고 있는 반면, 국내에서는 이론연구와 합성연구에 편중되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 열 화학 기상법 (Thermal CVD)을 이용하여 MWNT(Multi-wall nano tube)를 성장시켜 촉매두께, 온도, gas변수에 따른 CNT의 양상을 분석하였다. Ni catalyst는 DC magnetron sputter를 이용하여 5~50nm 두께로 증착하였으며, 성장온도는 $800^{\circ}C$에서 $950^{\circ}C$까지 변화시켰다. 기판의 pre-treatment 로 ammonia($NH_3$) gas를 주입한 후, carbon precursor인 methane($CH_4$) gas와 $H_2$ dilute gas를 1:4의 비율로 주입하여 CNT를 성장시켰다. FE-SEM과 TEM, 그리고 XRD를 이용해 성장된 CNT의 형상 및 구조를 분석한 결과, 낮은 온도에서는 100nm이상의 두께를 갖는 수직형상의 MWNT가 성장되었으며, $900^{\circ}C$이상의 높은 온도에서는 20nm이하의 amorphous carbon nano rod가 성장되었다. 각각의 MWNT, carbon nano rod는 온도가 높을수록 직경이 증가하는 추세를 나타냈으며, Ni catalyst가 얇아질수록 수직형상을 갖는 결과가 나타났다. 또한 ammonia gas의 pre-treatment여부에 따라 CNT의 수직 형상이 좌우되는 결과를 확인하였다. 향후 성장된 MWNT의 최적 조건을 도출하여 디스플레이 소자인 FED(Field Emission Display)분야 등에 응용 가능할 것으로 전망된다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.239-245
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• 2016

In this study, carbon/phenol composites were prepared from carbon fiber preform and phenol resin by RTM(resin transfer molding) process. And changes in the properties of the composite according to the pre-treatment of phenol resin was mainly studied. RTM process conditions were deduced from viscosity and thermal analysis of phenol resin which were rheometer and thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA). RTM process was performed under various injection and molding temperature. Characterization of the prepared C/P composites were evaluated by various analysis. Morphology of composites was analyzed by Micro-CT(MCT), Mechanical properties of composites were measured through the flexural properties. As results, volatile impurities of phenol resin were effectively removed at resin pre-treatment temperature of $100^{\circ}C$ and composite was sufficiently cured at molding temperature of $180^{\circ}C$.

• 센서학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.264-269
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• 2004

This paper describes on an advanced technology of 3C-SiC/Si(100) wafer direct bonding using PECVD oxide to intermediate layer for SiCOI(SiC-on-Insulator) structure because it has an attractive characteristics such as a lower thermal stress, deposition temperature, more quick deposition rate and higher bonding strength than common used poly-Si and thermal oxide. The PECVD oxide was characterized by ATR-FTIR. The bonding strength with variation of HF pre treatment condition was measured by tensile strength measurement system. After etch-back using TMAH solution, roughness of 3CSiC surface crystallinity and bonded interface was measured and analyzed by AFM, XRD, and SEM respectively.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.124-135
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• 2007

Backgrounds : Scutellaria baicalensis has been used as a medicinal plant to treat various disease conditions accompanying inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Objectives : The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Scutellaria baicalensis against inflammatory, pain and edema Methods : In vitro, the effects of Scutellaria baicalensis against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation were investigated in mouse BV2 microglial cells. In vivo, the effects of Scutellaria baicalensis on acetic acid-induced writhing response, carrageenan-induced edema and the plantar test (nociceptive thermal stimulation) were investigated using rats and mice. Results : The present results showed that pre-treatment with the aqueous extract of Scutellaria baicalensis suppressed the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cyclooxygenase-2 expressions in mouse BV2 microglial cells. The aqueous extract of Scutellaria baicalensis inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal pain in mice and also reduced thermal pain in rats. However, no significant inhibition on carrageenan-induced edema in rats. Conclusions : The present study showed that Scutellaria baicalensis possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2003

Chromium, molybdenum. and nitrogen are very important alloying elements in stainless steels and its effect was approved in pitting resistance equivalent (PRE) equations and many experimental results. However, Cr can improve the corrosion resistance, but facilitate the formation of sigma phase. Also. Mo has the same effect in stainless steels. If Cr and Mo are added at high amount to increase the corrosion resistance of stainless steel, corrosion resistance in annealed alloys can be improved, but in case of welding or aging heat treatment. its resistance will be drastically decreased. In this work, increasing Cr and N contents but decreasing Mo than the commercial alloys made the experimental alloys. Typical alloys are 25Cr-4.5Mo-0.43N alloy, 27Cr-4.7Mo-0.4N alloy, 27Cr-5.3Mo-0.25N alloy, 32Cr-2.6Mo-0.36N alloy. After annealing and aging heat treatment, microstructures, anodic polarization test, and pitting corrosion test were performed. Annealed alloys showed $100^{\circ}C$ of CPT and aged alloys showed the different tendency depending upon Cr and Mo contents(SFI)