• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.283-288
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• 2008

We observed the in-situ stress behavior of Cu and Ag thin films during deposition using a thermal evaporation method. Multi-beam curvature measurement system was used to monitor the evolution of in-situ stress in Cu and Ag thin films on 100 Si(100) substrates. The measured curvature was converted to film stress using Stoney formula. To investigate the effects of the deposition rates on the stress evolution in Cu and Ag thin films, Cu and Ag films were deposited at rates ranging from 0.1 to $3.0{\AA}/s$ for Cu and from 0.5 to $4.0{\AA}/s$ for Ag. Both Cu and Ag films showed a unique three stress stages, such as 'initial compressive', 'a tensile maximum' and followed by 'incremental compressive' stress. For both Cu and Ag films, there is no remarkable effect of deposition rate on the thickness and average stress at the tensile maximum. There is, however, a definite decrease in the incremental compressive stress with increasing deposition rate.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.240-245
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• 2022

In this study, to achieve good electrical conductivity of a charging terminal component in electric vehicles, we investigated the microstructure evolution of pure-Cu subjected to metal injection molding by controlling the sintering variables, such as temperature and time. Thus, three samples were sintered at temperatures ranging from 1000 ℃ to 1050 ℃ near to the melting temperature of 1085 ℃ for 1 and 10 h after thermal evaporation of binder at 730 ℃. Both procedures were made using a unified furnace under Ar+H₂ gas with high purity. The structural observation displayed that the grain size as well as the compactness (a reciprocal of porosity) increased simultaneously as temperature and time increased. This gave rise to high thermal conductivity of 90% IACS together with high density, which was mainly attributed to decrease in fractions of grain boundaries and micro-pores working as effective scattering center for electron movement.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.915-922
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• 2001

Effects of thermal exposure and rejuvenation treatment on the microstructural evolution and the stress-rupture properties of IN738LC have been investigated. The role of precipitates on the stress-rupture properties has been analyzed through microstructural observations. Thermal exposure at $982^{\circ}C$ for 1000 hours gave rise to precipitation of $\sigma$ phase and coarsening of r'. The microstructural degradation with thermal exposure at $982^{\circ}C$ deteriorated stress rupture properties of the alloy. All the existing phases except MC carbides have completely dissolved into the matrix with homogenization treatment at $1200^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Microstructure and stress-rupture properties of the thermal exposed specimens have been successfully rejuvenated by the proposed treatment.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1410-1417
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• 1999

A thorough understanding of the transient behavior during start-up is essential in the design and operation of the heat recovery steam generator(HRSG). During this period of time, material that is exposed to high temperature and experiences a large temperature variation is subject to high thermal stress. In this work, a transient formulation of the HRSG is constructed including the estimation of the thermal stress and fatigue of the drum wall. Start-up behavior of a single-pressure HRSG is analyzed and the effect of bypassing part of the gas turbine exhaust flow on the thermal stress evolution is examined. It is found that the modulation of the gas flow rate using a bypass damper is very useful in view of reducing the thermal stress of the drum and ensuring the fatigue lifetime.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.833-840
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• 2001

Effects of thermal exposure and rejuvenation treatment on the microstructural evolution and the stress-rupture properties of IN738LC have been investigated. The role of precipitates on the stress- rupture properties has been analyzed through microstructural observations. Thermal exposure at $982^{\circ}C$ for 1000 hours gave rise to precipitation of $\sigma$ phase and coarsening of ${\gamma}$'. The microstructural degradation with thermal exposure at $982^{\circ}C$ deteriorated stress rupture properties of the alloy. All the existing phases except MC carbides have completely dissolved into the matrix with homogenization treatment at $1200^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Microstructure and stress-rupture properties of the thermal exposed specimens have been successfully rejuvenated by the proposed treatment.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.186-196
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• 1995

In this study, parameters such as unit cement weight and placing temperature which influence on temperature rise and temperature rise velocity are investigated through adiabatic tests for the domestic ordinary portland cement(0PC). Adiabatic temperature rise suggested by Korean Concrete Spec. are compared with that from this experimental results. As a result of this study, adiabatic temperature rise of OPC suggested spec. is overestimated. Also it is shown that 2-parameter equation suggested in the spec. overestimate heat evolution at early age and reasonable prediction of heat evolution can be obtained by using 3-parameter equation. Results of numerical analysis by using the input data from this test and the suggested values from spec. shows similar temperatures. However thermal stresses pridicted using input value from spec. may result 20% more than that from this test in case of externally restricted state.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.569-570
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• 2009

An improvement of the test method is proposed to more accurately measure early-age autogenous shrinkage in concrete particularly within first 24 hours after casting. Experiments were conducted considering existing and improved method. In improved method, hydration temperature was artificially controlled to prevent thermal deformations. Test results indicate that the autogenous shrinkage calculated by existing approach is underestimated which might be due to the wrong assumption of considering the thermal dilation coefficient to be constant (equal to 10 ${\times}$ $10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$) at early-age. We recommend that the proposed method should be adopted to better assess precise value of autogenous shrinkage or an appropriate method of determining the time-evolution of thermal dilation coefficient be considered.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06e
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• pp.474-481
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• 2001

This paper addresses a numerical method for predicting transient temperature distributions in the wall of a curved pipe subjected to internally thermal stratification flow. A simple and convenient numerical method of treating the unsteady conjugate heat transfer in the non-orthogonal coordinate systems is presented. The proposed method is implemented in a finite volume thermal-hydraulic computer code based on a cell-centered, non-staggered grid arrangement, the SIMPLEC algorithm, a higher-order bounded convection scheme, and the modified version of momentum interpolation method. Calculations are performed for the transient evolution of thermal stratification in two curved pipes, where the one has thick wall and the other has so thin wall that its presence can be negligible in the heat transfer analysis. The predicted results show that the thermally stratified flow and transient conjugate heat transfer in a curved pipe with a finite wall thickness can be satisfactorily analyzed by the present numerical method, and that the neglect of wall thickness in the prediction of pipe wall temperature distributions can provide unacceptably distorted results.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.571-577
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• 2006

We fabricated thermal evaporated 10 nm-Ni/(poly)Si and 10 nm-Ni/1 nm-Ir/(poly)Si films to investigate the thermal stability of nickel monosilicide at the elevated temperatures by rapid annealing them at the temperatures of $300{\sim}1200^{\circ}C$ for 40 seconds. Silicides for salicide process was formed on top of both the single crystal silicon actives and the polycrystalline silicon gates. A four-point tester is used for sheet resistance. Scanning electron microscope and field ion beam were employed for thickness and microstructure evolution characterization. An x-ray diffractometer and an auger depth profile scope were used for phase and composition analysis, respectively. Nickel silicides with iridium on single crystal silicon actives and polycrystalline silicon gates showed low resistance up to $1200^{\circ}C$ and $800^{\circ}C$, respectively, while the conventional nickel monosilicide showed low resistance below $700^{\circ}C$. The grain boundary diffusion and agglomeration of silicides led to lower the NiSi stable temperature with polycrystalline silicon substrates. Our result implies that our newly proposed Ir added NiSi process may widen the thermal process window for nano CMOS process.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 2004

The evolution of intricate and striking patterns of suspended sediments (SS), which are created by certain physical dynamics in the East China and Yellow Seas, has been investigated using satellite ocean color imageries and vertical profiles of particle attenuation and backscattering coefficients. The structure of these patterns can reveal a great deal about the process underlying their formation. Sea surface temperature (SST) analyzed from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) thermal infrared data were used to elucidate the physical factors responsible for the evolution of suspended sediment patterns in the East China Sea. The concomitant patterns of suspended sediments were tracked from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) ocean color data. The detailed examination about these patterns gave birth to the definition of the evolution of suspended sediments (SS) into four stages: (1) Youth or Infant stage, (2) Younger stage, (3) Mature stage, and (4) Old stage. We describe about the three directional forces of the tidal currents, ocean warm currents and estuarine circulations that lead to occurrence of various stages of the evolution of suspended sediments that increase turbidity at high levels through out the water column of the inner and outer shelf areas during September to April. The occurrence of these four stages could be repeatedly observed. In contrast, vertical profiles of the particle attenuation ($c_{p}$) and backscattering ($b_{bp}$) coefficients displayed obvious patterns of the propagation of suspended sediment plume from the southwestern coastal sea that leads to eventual collision with the massive sediment plume originating from the Yangtze banks of the East China Sea.