• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.45-53
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• 2022

In order to improve the emission of diesel engines, natural gas-diesel dual fuel combustion compression ignition engines are in the spotlight. In particular, a reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion strategy is investigated comprehensively due to its possibility to improve both efficiency and emissions. With advanced diesel direct injection timing earlier than TDC, it achieves spontaneous reaction with overall lean mixture from a homogeneous mixture in the entire cylinder area, reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) and improving braking heat efficiency at the same time. However, there is a disadvantage in that the amount of incomplete combustion increases in a low load region with a relatively small amount of fuel-air. To solve this, sensitive control according to the diesel injection timing and fuel ratio is required. In this study, experiments were conducted to improve efficiency and exhaust emissions of the natural gas-diesel dual fuel engine at low load, and evaluate combustion stability according to the diesel injection timing at the operation point for power generation. A 6 L-class commercial diesel engine was used for the experiment which was conducted under a 50% load range (~50 kW) at 1,800 rpm. Two injectors with different spray patterns were applied to the experiment, and the fraction of natural gas and diesel injection timing were selected as main parameters. Based on the experimental results, it was confirmed that the brake thermal efficiency increased by up to 1.3%p in the modified injector with the narrow-angle injection added. In addition, the spray pattern of the modified injector was suitable for premixed combustion, increasing operable range in consideration of combustion instability, torque reduction, and emissions level under Tier-V level (0.4 g/kWh for NOx).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.52-58
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• 2023

With the increasing awareness of the importance of carbon neutrality in response to global climate change, the utilization of hydrogen as a carbon-free fuel source is also growing. Hydrogen is commonly used in fuel cells (FC), but it can also be utilized in internal combustion engines (ICE) that are based on combustion. Particularly, ICEs that already have established infrastructure for production and supply can greatly contribute to the expansion of hydrogen energy utilization when it becomes difficult to rely solely on fuel cells or expand their infrastructure. However, a disadvantage of utilizing hydrogen through combustion is the potential generation of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are harmful emissions formed when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at high temperatures. In particular, for the EURO-7 exhaust regulation, which includes cold start operation, efforts to reduce exhaust emissions during the warm-up process are required. Therefore, in this study, the characteristics of nitrogen oxides and fuel consumption were investigated during the warm-up process of cooling water from room temperature to 88℃ using a 2-liter direct injection spark ignition (SI) engine fueled with hydrogen. One advantage of hydrogen, compared to conventional fuels like gasoline, natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is its wide flammable range, which allows for sparser control of the excessive air ratio. In this study, the excessive air ratio was varied as 1.6/1.8/2.0 during the warm-up process, and the results were analyzed. The experimental results show that as the excessive air ratio becomes sparser during warm-up, the emission of nitrogen oxides per unit time decreases, and the thermal efficiency relatively increases. However, as the time required to reach the final temperature becomes longer, the cumulative emissions and fuel consumption may worsen.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.171-176
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• 2010

Using a hydrogen blended compressed natural gas (HCNG) as a fuel for IC engines has a significant meaning in terms of achieving a reduction of automotive exhaust emissions as well as preparing for an upcoming hydrogen economy by constructing hydrogen infrastructure. In addition, a HCNG engine has higher thermal efficiency than a CNG engine, which is another advantage that makes HCNG fuel considered as a future alternative for natural gas. Therefore, in this study, idling operation of a 11 litre HCNG bus engine was investigated in terms of fuel consumption rate and emissions characteristics. The results show that fuel consumption rate was decreased more than 20% by use of HCNG and all the emissions were significantly reduced in idling condition.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.421-428
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• 2007

This paper investigates the combustion and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine fueled with neat and blended Shell's gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel, which was derived from natural gas through the Fischer-Tropsch process. The experiments were conducted in a 6-cylinder DI diesel engine with pump timing settings of $6^{\circ},\;9^{\circ}\;and\;12^{\circ}$crank angle before TDC over ECE R49 and US 13-mode cycles separately and compared to a conventional diesel fuel. The results show that GTL exhibited almost the same power and torque output, improved fuel economy and effective thermal efficiency. It was found that GTL displayed lower peak in-cylinder combustion pressure and maximum heat release rate (HRR), the timings of the peak pressure and the maximum HRR were generally delayed, and the combustion durations were almost equivalent for diesel and GTL under the same speed-load condition. The results also indicate that, compared to diesel fuel, GTL blends showed a trend forward decreasing four regulated emissions simultaneously and a higher GTL fraction in blends contributing to further reductions in the emissions. In particular and on average, neat GTL significantly reduced HC, CO, NOx and PM by 16.4%, 17.8%, 18.3% and 32.4%, respectively, for all cases.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.59-65
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• 2014

Diesel engines have the superior combustion efficiency and fuel economy that they are widely used for industry, heavyduty vehicles, etc. However, its exhaust emissions have become the major concerns due to their environmental impacts. Moreover, the depletion of fossil fuels is the main issue. Therefore, it is important to look for alternative sources of energy. Bio-diesel is one of the ideal energy which has proved to be ecofriendly for more than fossil fuels. The experimental tests analysed the engine performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using diesel and biodiesel blended of BD25, BD45 and BD65, in order to study the use of clean fuel to meet the increasingly stringent emission regulations. The engine performance was examined by using engine dynamometer while an exhaust gas analyzer was used to examine the emission characteristics. The effect of biodiesel on engine performance were lower to diesel through comparing their HP and torque but fuel consumption was slightly increased because of biodiesel has lower heating value and higher density than diesel. However, due to the better lubricity, the brake thermal efficiency of biodiesel was higher than diesel. The emission characteristics were strongly affected by the blending ratio of diesel and biodiesel. The results showed that the smoke opacity, hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions decreased while the nitrogen oxides (NOX) slightly increased.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.837-844
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• 2014

Automotive manufacturers have recently developed various technologies for improving fuel economy and satisfying enhanced emission regulations. The ultra-lean direct injection engine is a promising technology because it has the advantage of improving thermal efficiency through the deliberate control of ignition. A conventional LPG engine has been redesigned to an ultra-lean-burn LPG direct injection engine in order to adopt combustion system of ultra-lean-burn. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of a change in the compression ratio on the performance and emission characteristics of a lean-burn LPG engine. The fuel consumption, heat release rate, combustion pressure, and emission characteristics are estimated depending on changing the effect of compression ratio. When the compression ratio is increased, it is difficult to improve the fuel consumption owing to an unstable combustion state, but the total hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions are reduced.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.194-195
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• 2013

초음속 공기 플라즈마 환경을 모사할 수 있는 0.4 MW급 Enhanced Huels형 초음속 공기 플라즈마 발생 장비가 2012년에 전북대학교에 설치 완료되었다. 초음속 공기 플라즈마 시험장비는 대기권으로 reentry 할 수 있는 비행체의 열차폐체 시험평가를 주목적으로 개발되었으며, 핵융합장치용 고온 내열체 소재개발에도 활용될 예정이다. 분절형 아크 플라즈마 토치는 전극부식에 의한 오염도를 적으면서 고출력의 안정적인 플라즈마를 발생시키며, 일반적인 직류 토치로는 얻을 수 없는 초고엔탈피 플라즈마 열유동을 얻을 수 있는 특징이 있다. 구축된 장비는 최대 직류 출력 1,200 kW의 DC 전원공급장치, 0.4 MW급의 분절형 아크 플라즈마 토치, ${\phi}1.5m{\times}2m$ 크기의 진공쳄버, 1 MW의 냉각 능력을 갖춘 디퓨저와 열교환기, 진공 용량 $100m^3$/min의 진공펌프 9대, 88 g/s의 공기유량에서 NOx를 50,000 ppm에서 100 ppm으로 저감할 수 있는 후처리 시스템, 4 bar 15 g/s의 공기를 공급할 수 있는 가스 공급장치, 30 bar 600 lpm의 저전도수와 4 bar 560 lpm의 일반수를 공급할 수 있는 냉각수 공급장치로 구성되어 있다. 초음속 공기 플라즈마의 발생 특성을 시험하기 위해 플라즈마 발생 조건으로 토치공급전력 350 kW와 410 kW, 토치 공기 공급 유량 16.3 g/s, 토치 내부압력 3.9~4.2 bar, 챔버압력 40 mbar으로 시험을 수행하였다. 발생된 플라즈마 상태를 진단하기 위해 속도는 쇄기 탐침기, 열유속은 Gardon 게이지, 엔탈피와 토치 효율은 토치의 공급전력과 냉각수에 의한 손실 전력으로 각각 측정하였다.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2000

High growth of economy and industrial development was produced every air pollutants, that is, SOx, NOx, dust, VOCs and malodorous gas was produced. Recently, volatile organic compounds(VOCs) was bring about very serious environmental problems. Ulsan petrochemical complex was densely a large scale of petrochemical plant. This study was carried out to select treatment equipment of VOCs produced from petrochemical plant, and has compared with Carbon filter, Regenerative thermal oxidation(RCO) and Flare stack for technical merit and demerit but also initial investment and operating cost.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.134-142
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• 2012

The competition to deliver ultra-low emitting vehicles at a reasonable cost is driving the automotive industry to invest significant manpower and test laboratory resources in the design optimization of increasingly complex exhaust after-treatment systems. Optimization can no longer be based on traditional approaches, which are intensive in hardware use and laboratory testing. The CFD is in high demand for the analysis and design in order to reduce developing cost and time consuming in experiments. This paper describes the development of a comprehensive practical model based on experiments for simulating the performance of automotive three-way catalytic converters, which are employed to reduce engine exhaust emissions. An experiment is conducted to measure species concentrations before and after catalytic converter for different loads on engine. The model simulates the emission system behavior by using an exhaust system heat conservation and catalyst chemical kinetic sub-model. CFD simulation is used to study the performance of automotive catalytic converter. The substrate is modeled as a porous media in FLUENT and the standard k-e model is used for turbulence. The flow pattern is changed from axial to radial by changing the substrate model inside the catalytic converter and the flow distribution and the conversion efficiency of CO, HC and NOx are achieved first, and the predictions are in good agreement with the experimental measurements. It is found that the conversion from axial to radial flow makes the catalytic converter more efficient. These studies help to understand better the performance of the catalytic converter in order to optimize the converter design.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.742-749
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• 2002

Numerical Study with detailed chemistry has been conducted to investigate the flame structure and NOx formation characteristics in oxygen -enhanced(CH$_4$/O$_2$-$N_2$) and oxygen-enhanced-EGR(CH$_4$/O$_2$-$CO_2$) counter diffusion flame with various strain rates. A small amount of $N_2$is included in oxygen-enhanced-EGR combustion, in order to consider the inevitable $N_2$contamination by $O_2$production process or air infiltration. The results are as follows : In CH$_4$/O$_2$-$CO_2$flame it is very important to adopt a radiation effect precisely because the effect of radiation changes flame structure significantly. In CH$_4$/O$_2$-$N_2$flame special strategy to minimize NO emission is needed because it is very sensitive to a small amount of $N_2$. Special attention is needed on CO emission by flame quenching, because of increased CO concentration. Spatial NO production rate of oxygen-enhanced combustion is different from that of air and oxygen-enhanced-EGR combustion in that thermal mechanism plays a role of destruction as well as production. In case CH$_4$/O$_2$-$CO_2$flame contains more than 40% $CO_2$it is possible to maintain the same EINO as that of CH$_4$/Air flame with accomplishing higher temperature than that of CH$_4$/Air flame. EINO decreases with increasing strain rate, and those effects are augmented in CH$_4$/O$_2$flame.