• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.71-88
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• 1996

For understanding skin temperature based on clothing design from a viewpoint of comfortable wearing, the skin temperature, physiological reactions(body temperature, blood pressure and pulse) and physilolgical response(thermal sensation, comfort sensation and perceptive sweaty sensation) were measured on condition tha t5 naked healthy male exposed to serveral environmental temperatures,( $20{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ ,$28{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ and $32{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$). As the results of this testing, the regional skin temperature was varied for 90min just after expose to those the environment but was generally stabilized for the nest 90min. It was proved the difference of the regional skin temperature at low temperature environmental($20{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$) was larger than at high temperature environmental($32{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$) and inder serveral environmental temperature,the degree of the regional skin was not equal. Except in case of the thigh, the front of all regional skin temperature turned out higher than the back of them. According to change of environmental temperature, body temperature and pulse were altered. In the pshycological response, 'thermal sensation-comfort sensation' was felt to 'slightly warm - comfortable' at $28{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$of the environmental temperature, and 'perceptive sweaty sensation', wneh it was said 'sweat' at only $32{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ of it.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 2009

This study compared the thermal comfort of indoor clothing from Tencel material that is getting higher in demand due to being eco-friendly with superior wettability, with that from Polyester material that despite being most widely used for indoor clothing, rapidly discharges body sweat due to low wettability. The experiments were performed in the two manners, objective evaluation under the conditions of an artificial climate chamber and subjective evaluation of wearing the given clothes at home followed by filling in the questionnaire. Subjects were 8 healthy elderly women in their 60's who spend majority of their time at home rather than in social activities, and comparison was made on skin temperature and humidity inside clothing at exercise and relaxation states under early summer environment. Based on these results, wearing Tencel material clothing maintained cooler temperatures under warm environment rather than when wearing Polyester material clothing, thus enabling activities under more comfortable state. Regarding humidity inside clothing, parts with twofold clothing did not show difference between Tencel and Polyester, but the onefold arm showed lower when wearing Tencel. With this results, Tencel is regarded as more comfortable and nicer than Polyester.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.79-87
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• 2009

Residential Buildings should provide high-quality, comfortable environments to support the activities of their occupants. The indoor environment of residential buildings, which includes thermal, lighting, acoustic, and indoor air quality, has a significant impact on health and quality of life. The comfortable living environment in residential buildings result from appropriately combining these environmental quality factors, and the performance of building systems must be compatible with the activities of the occupants. The objective of this research is to investigate and analyze the relationship between physical environmental conditions and occupant responses for improving environmental quality (EQ) in apartment buildings with four different building orientations (i.e. E, W, S, N) in two different seasons (i.e. winter and summer). The occupant survey was conducted in actual apartment buildings. The Physical environmental conditions in apartment buildings differed substantially depending on space, outdoor weather conditions and building orientations. Each space within the same apartment building had different environmental conditions. Combinations of unbalanced physical environmental conditions in apartment building decrease occupants' satisfactions and their perceptions of overall residential quality. Occupants' satisfaction and their responses to physical characteristics of their residential environment is related to thermal, lighting, acoustic, and indoor air conditions in their buildings. The result from this research will help designers and researchers to identify problems and develop solutions for improving environmental quality from the occupants' point of view.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.87-94
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• 2012

Kruithof demonstrated the preferred combination of illuminance levels and color temperatures. However, as Benett pointed out, difference of themal variables in such preference may be expected. The purpose of this study is to clarify the combined effects of lighting conditions(illuminance, color temperature), operative temperature on the human physiological and psychological responses. In order to observe operative temperature change in preference of color temperatures for three illumination levels, three subjects were exposed to two different conditions of color temperatures of 2,850K, 4,200K and 6,850K combined with operative temperatures(OT) of $25{\sim}31^{\circ}C$ at 100~1000lx. Thermal sensation vote and comfortable sensation vote, brightness perception vote were reported in each experiment conditions. The following results were obtained : 1) When illuminace level was at 100lx in operative temperatures of OT $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, Color temperature affect not themal sensation but Warm-cool sensation. 2) Operative temperatures affect not brightness perception vote but visual comfort sensation vote, satisfactive sensation vote, warm-cool sensation vote and themal sensation vote.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.59-65
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• 2007

This study is to propose the basic data for deciding remodeling of wornout educational facilities. In order of it, the indoor environmental standard, the actual conditions of thermal environment and sound insulation of walls were examined through field measurement in the subjected open elementary school(J school) and modernization model of elementary school(Y school) which they are located in Seoul. As the result, standard for indoor environmental factors of educational facilities which is established by Ministry of Education is not subdivided into indoor environmental performances considering usages and characteristics of classrooms for comfortable indoor environment. The vertical temperature difference in general classroom and in open classroom showed to be $11.2^{\circ}C$ and $12.1^{\circ}C$ respectively, while indoor temperature of special classroon was, on the whole, higher than that of any other classroom due to its specific heat flux of wall materials. The sound insulation performance of the masonry brick wall of classroom satisfied the minimum standard of AIJ, Architectural Institute of Japan, in the open elementary school and the modernization model of elementary school. That is to say, the movable partition wall between the classroom and the corridor disturbed students in their class in the open school.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.13 no.3 s.31
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• pp.295-303
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• 1989

This study is to measure the thermal resistance of 7 types of Parka of different materials with thermal manikin and to compare their effects on physiological responses & subjective wear sensations. Following are the results obtained from the experiments 1) From the thermal manikin experiment, i) As an outer layer, although not significant, water proof fabric was warmer than water proof-vapor permeable fabric. ii) In case of insulating material, down was better for thermal resistance than polyester wadding of the same thickness. Moreover, as the down was thicker, it had more efficiency in thermal resistance. However, the marginal efficiency of thickness was found to be decreasing. 2) From the male-subject experiments, i) Chest temperature, mean skin temperature & microclimate temperature showed the same results on thermal resistance as those of the thermal manikin experiment. ii) Only during rest periods, there was a significant difference among 5 insulating materials in the sense of microclimate humidity. The almost same conclusion was obtained from the above experiments. Even the outer layer did not significantly affect thermal resistance & subjective wear sensation, insulating materials had a significant influence upon them. But in case of 3.5 cm down, it gave less comfortable than that of the thinner. Therefore the optional one for the best comfort & thermal resistance among 7 combinatins is the outer layer of water proff-vapor permeable & insulating material of 2.1 cm down.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.16 no.4 s.44
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• pp.349-355
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• 1992

Comfortable sleeping largely depends on human mental state, physical condition, the temper. ature and humidity in bedrooms, and qualities of quilt and bedcover. Of the qualities of quilt, thermal insulation effect plays the most important role in keeping bedroom in ample temperature and preventing human body from giving off heat. In the present study, which is a sequel study to research on the thermal insulation effect, the real-size quilts with the following items of filling materials in them are designed to research on the variation of each item, and to measure the effect of the weight variation in inner covers on the thermal insulation effect of quilts, the results are as follows: 1. The coefficient between the weight of filling materials and the thermal insulation effect of quilt is shown to be a significant $0.91\~0.97$. 2. The thermal insulation effect of the quilts with in size of $0.5\;Kg/m^{2}$ is surveyed to be high in order down > polyester > cotton > wool. 3. The effect of the texture of inner covers on the thermal insulation effect of quilt is shown to be ignorably low. 4. The weight of filling materials is shown to be in correlation with the thermal insulation effect of quilts, and the estimated regression line has been obtained.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.870-878
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• 2003

The maintenance of thermal equilibrium between the human body and its environment is one of the primary requirements for health, wellbeing and comfort. For the effective control of indoor thermal environment, thermostat or humidistat is used. But, it is not sufficient to control the indoor thermal environment using only one or two parameters as human response for the indoor comfortable environment. So an environmental thermal index is required for the control of indoor thermal environment effectively. In this study, a PMV sensor has been developed which has integrated from various kinds of individual sensors for temperature, humidity, air velocity, radiant temperature. After applying the PMV and PPD equation, it is possible to monitor the indoor thermal environment with the sensor system, which is adopted to the circuit for optimization according to the human response with the metabolic rate and activities. The measurement was carried out to verify the performance of the integrated sensor system in comparison with existing measurement system, the PMV meter. As a result, the possibility of applying the PMV sensor to control the indoor thermal environment simultaneously was examined.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.71-77
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• 2014

This study aimed at developing and evaluating performance of the two logics for respectively operating two-position- and variable-heating systems. Both logics control the heating system and openings of the double skin facade buildings in an integrated manner. Artificial neural network models were applied for the predictive and adaptive controls in order to optimally condition the indoor thermal environment. Numerical computer simulation methods using the MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) and TRNSYS (Transient Systems Simulation) were employed for the performance tests of the logics in the test module. Analysis on the test results revealed that the variable control logic provided more comfortable and stable temperature conditions with the increased comfortable period and the decreased standard deviation from the center of the comfortable range. In addition, the amount of heat supply to the indoor space was significantly reduced by the variable control logic. Thus, it can be concluded that the optimal control method using the artificial neural network model can work more effectively when it is applied to the variable heating systems.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.125-131
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• 2005

This study identified satisfaction with gas heating and indoor thermal environment, targeting houses using gases for heating. 1) Thermal environment is relatively satisfactory except that indoor humidity is low. 2) A question that indoor temperature has to be decreased for saving energy was given and about two thirds of the respondents answered that temperature has to be lowered. When they were asked how to save energy 57% answered that they put on more clothes and 27% answered that they lower indoor temperature If consistent promotion on energy saving is implementer it's believed that energy can be effectively saved. 3) People wear simple clothes when they stay indoor because they think it is comfortable. However, for energy saving. they gave to wear warm clothes though they stay indoor.