• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.357-363
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• 2014

Euonymus alatus (EAE) and Euonymus alatus for. ciliatodentatus (Franch. & Sav.) Hiyama (EACHE) belong to the Celastraceae family and are one of the medicinal herbs used in traditional medicine as a therapeutic agent for blood circulation diseases. In this study, we prepared leaves methanolic extract of EAE (L-EAE), twigs methanolic extract of EAE (T-EAE), leaves methanolic extract of EACHE (L-EACHE) and twigs methanolic extract of EACHE (T-EACHE), and compared their anti-inflammatory activities. To analyze the anti-inflammatory activities, Raw 264.7 cells were used, since they are immature-macrophages and easily matured by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. All extracts showed anti-inflammatory activities in the activated Raw 264.7 cells. That is, we showed that L-EACHE and T-EACHE are potent inhibitors of the production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results are expected to serve as a guide for future studies on the ability of Celastraceae family to inhibit acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.690-696
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• 2020

Background: As the main metabolites of ginsenosides, 20(S, R)-protopanaxadiol [PPD(S, R)] and 20(S, R)-protopanaxatriol [PPT(S, R)] are the structural basis response to a series of pharmacological effects of their parent components. Although the estrogenicity of several ginsenosides has been confirmed, however, the underlying mechanisms of their estrogenic effects are still largely unclear. In this work, PPD(S, R) and PPT(S, R) were assessed for their ability to bind and activate human estrogen receptor α (hERα) by a combination of in vitro and in silico analysis. Methods: The recombinant hERα ligand-binding domain (hERα-LBD) was expressed in E. coli strain. The direct binding interactions of ginsenosides with hERα-LBD and their ERα agonistic potency were investigated by fluorescence polarization and reporter gene assays, respectively. Then, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to simulate the binding modes between ginsenosides and hERα-LBD to reveal the structural basis for their agonist activities toward receptor. Results: Fluorescence polarization assay revealed that PPD(S, R) and PPT(S, R) could bind to hERα-LBD with moderate affinities. In the dual luciferase reporter assay using transiently transfected MCF-7 cells, PPD(S, R) and PPT(S, R) acted as agonists of hERα. Molecular docking results showed that these ginsenosides adopted an agonist conformation in the flexible hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket. The stereostructure of C-20 hydroxyl group and the presence of C-6 hydroxyl group exerted significant influence on the hydrogen bond network and steric hindrance, respectively. Conclusion: This work may provide insight into the chemical and pharmacological screening of novel therapeutic agents from ginsenosides.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.705-718
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• 2014

This study was performed to evaluate the suppressive effects of organic fungicides made using environment-friendly materials on leaf spot disease and anthracnose that infect ginseng. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) and leaf spot disease (Alternaria panax) are principal diseases that decrease the yield of ginseng by defoliation before root enlargement. Fermented eggs and oyster shells, water extract of green tea and ethanol extract of red ginseng dregs were significantly effective in suppressing leaf spot disease. Fermented crab and shrimp shells and fermented motherwort were also effective in suppressing the recurrence of ginseng anthracnose. The preventive effects of these environment-friendly materials were definitely superior to the therapeutic effects. Therefore, these materials could be used as alternatives to chemical pesticides, which can not be applied in organic ginseng cultivation field. These organic fungicides need to be applied before the incidence of ginseng anthracnose in order to maximize their suppressive effects.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 1998

Purpose : The relationship between environmental PH on the radiation induced-apoptosis in SCK mammary adenocarcinoma cells and cell cycle dependence was investigated. Material and Methods : Mammary adenocarcinoma cells of A/J mice(SCK cells) in exponential growth phase were irradiated with a $l37^Cs$ irradiator at room temperature. The cells were irradiated 1 hour after the media was replaced with fresh media at a different pHs. After incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ for 0-48 h, the extent of apoptosis was determined using agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry. The progression of cells through the cell cycle after irradiation in different pHs was also determined with flow cytometry. Bssults : The induction of apoptosis by irradiation in pH 6.6 medium was markedly less than that in pH 7.5 medium. When the cells were irradiated and maintained in pH 7.5 medium, the percentage of cells in $G_2/M$ phase rapidly increased to about $70\%$ at 12 h after an exposure to 120y and returned to control level by 36 h. The percentage of cells in G1 phase decreased as the percentage of cells in $G_2/M$ increased. On the other hand, in pH 6.6 medium the percentage of cells in G2/M phases gradually increased to about $45\%$ at 24 h after 12Gy irradiation and then slowly recessed and consequently, as much as $30-35\%$ of the cells were still in the Ga/M phase 48 h after irradiation. The percentage of cells in G1 phase then increased as the Ga/M arrest began to recede. The radiation-induced Ga/M arrest in PH 0.0 medium lasted markedly longer than that in pH 7.5 medium. Conclusion : Radiation-induced apoptosis in SCK tumor cells are reversely suppressed in an acidic environment. Radiation-induced Ga/M arrest is prolonged in an acidic environment indicating that the suppression of radiation-induced apoptosis and prolongation of radiation-induced Ga/M arrest in an acidic environment are related.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.363-375
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• 2021

Trends in the developing era to discover and design peptide-based treatments throughout an epidemic infection scenario such as COVID-19 could progress into a more efficient and low-cost therapeutic environment. However, the weakening of proteolysis is one downside of natural peptide drugs. But, peptidomimetics may help resolve this issue. In this review, peptide and peptide-based drug discovery were summarized to target one key entry mechanism of severe coronavirus pulmonary emboli syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), which encompasses the association of the host angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor and viral spike (S) protein. Furthermore, the benefits of proteins, peptides and other possible actions that have been studied for COVID-19 through new peptide-based treatments are discussed in the review. Lastly, an overview of the peptide-based drug therapy environment is comprised of an evolutionary viewpoint, structural properties, operational thresholds, and an explanation of the therapeutic area.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.54-64
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• 2019

Objective : The purpose of this study is to study the effects of multisensory environment interventions, to provide information about clinical applications, and to aid South Korean research on the multisensory environment. Methods : PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were used to search for papers published from 2008 to 2018. The main search terms were "multisensory environment" and "snoezelen", a total of 10 foreign research articles were selected. And they were summarized according to Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO). Results : Among the 10 papers, 6 included participants with dementia. The other studies examined patients with intellectual disabilities, patients with schizophrenia, and pregnant women. The study periods ranged from 3 weeks to 10 months. Most of the interventions included 2 or 3 sessions per week. The duration of each intervention session was 30 to 60 minutes. The dependent variables were psychological factors (such as anxiety and depression), social factors (such as quality of life), and cognitive and physical domains. The multisensory environment used for the interventions in the studies consisted of visual, auditory, and tactile senses, as well as additional olfactory and taste sensations, and vestibular sensations. Conclusion : In the future, the research should be applied to various target groups, especially children, who are interested in multisensory environmental intervention in South Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.37-47
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• 2014

This study aims to examine the usage of and satisfaction with neighborhood parks and university campuses and compare through the RPRS analysis of them to figure out how university campuses, as substitutive green spaces, play the role of curative environment for neighboring people. This study relied on two methods: a descriptive method of researching publications and related scholastic writings and an empirical study of researching how the park and campus has been utilized and researching whether the residents are satisfied with the currently existing space and the environment or not, and finally researching how the university campus open space as a curative environment impacts the satisfaction and utilization through reliability analysis. As a result, contribution of healing environment has a relatively high average contribution of 4 or more points, respectively. These results suggest that urban people think that a relationship between man and nature is very important in the overabundance of stress in modern society. It shows that neighborhoods are higher than university campuses in the explanatory of the Attention Restoration Theory, but the campus is higher than the neighborhood park in similarity of configuration. The result of RPRS analysis shows that the therapeutic qualities of the landscape may be very useful to evaluate a college campus open space in "the Revised Perceived Restoration Scale." The results showed that, in future studies, it will be a great help by widespread use of pre-evaluation of the characteristics of restorative environments in the planning, design and other works. To study the impact of the curative features on evaluating future research locations, the location should provide a variety of purposes and motives. At the same time, it should provide specific design ideas to design-related designers by using perceived restoration scale.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.41-53
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• 2022

Objective : The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the vocational rehabilitation evaluation tool for the mentally disabled. Methods : For literature search, the Pubmed database was used, and for the analysis, the development year, evaluation method, number of items, scale, and evaluation items were analyzed. In the analysis method, each evaluation item was divided into four categories: function, internal factor, environment, and mental symptom, and the evaluation elements of each evaluation tool were identified. Results : When searching Pubmed through search terms, 161 documents were retrieved. According to the selection method, Griffiths Work Behavior Scale (GWBS), Occupational Functioning Scale (OFS), Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS), Work Ability Index (WAI), Work Behavior Inventory (WBI), Work Environment Impact Scale (WEIS), and Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) were screened. The evaluation items of all evaluation tools included job-related functional evaluation. According to the purpose of each evaluation tool, internal factors, environment, and mental symptoms were measured. Conclusion : Occupational skills are skills in which various functions such as physical, cognitive, social skills, and coping skills act in a complex way. Therefore, it is necessary to include the four factors analyzed in this study: function, internal factors, environment, and psychiatric symptoms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.453-479
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• 2011

Residual pharmaceutical compounds have been recognized as emerging environmental pollutants and are widely distributed all over the world. These compounds cause bioaccumulation and biomagnification during present for a long time in the environment: thereby after adversely biota and human bodies. It is difficult to remove residual pharmaceutical compounds using conventional water/wastewater treatment because of resistant property to photodegradation, biodegradation and chemical decomposition. Moreover, domestic literature data on the pollution of residual pharmaceutical compounds in rivers and lakes are limited. In this paper, species, sources, fate and risk of residual pharmaceutical compounds as well as behavior properties in freshwater resources are demonstrated to encourage the domestic concern about residual pharmaceutical compounds. An extensive review of existing data in the form of figures and tables, encompassing many therapeutic classes are presented.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.29-36
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• 2017

Introduction: Occupation based intervention is effective intervention of nervous system clients. So, this study investigated theoretical background, definition, and domain of occupation based intervention through literature reviews. And the study suggested neurological references to apply it in realistic occupation therapy area. Body: Occupation based intervention is performed in occupation based practice. Client's proper performance in natural environments is important. That is application of meaningful occupation in client's realistic environment is occupation based intervention. At this point, meaningful occupation is included client's motivation, selective task, and habituation of performance. Conclusion: Occupation based intervention were included motivation, habituation, and realistic environment of clients. The reviews identified that each factor is based on neurological basis. Therefore occupation based intervention need to use in realistic neurorehabilitation.