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http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/KSEE.2011.33.6.453

Occurrence of Residual Pharmaceuticals and Fate, Residue and Toxic Effect in Drinking Water Resources  

Son, Hee-Jong (Water Quality Institute, Busan Water Authority)
Jang, Seong-Ho (Department of Environment System Engineering, Pusan National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers / v.33, no.6, 2011 , pp. 453-479 More about this Journal
Abstract
Residual pharmaceutical compounds have been recognized as emerging environmental pollutants and are widely distributed all over the world. These compounds cause bioaccumulation and biomagnification during present for a long time in the environment: thereby after adversely biota and human bodies. It is difficult to remove residual pharmaceutical compounds using conventional water/wastewater treatment because of resistant property to photodegradation, biodegradation and chemical decomposition. Moreover, domestic literature data on the pollution of residual pharmaceutical compounds in rivers and lakes are limited. In this paper, species, sources, fate and risk of residual pharmaceutical compounds as well as behavior properties in freshwater resources are demonstrated to encourage the domestic concern about residual pharmaceutical compounds. An extensive review of existing data in the form of figures and tables, encompassing many therapeutic classes are presented.
Keywords
Residual Pharmaceutical Compounds; Drinking Water Resource; Occurrence; Fate; Toxic Effect;
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110 Zuccato, E., Castiglioni, S. and Fanelli, R., "Identification of the pharmaceuticals for human use contaminating the Italian aquatic environment," J. Hazard. Mater., 122, 205-209 (2005).   DOI   ScienceOn
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114 Boyd, G. R., Palmeri, J. M., Zhang, S. and Grimm, D. A., "Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in stormwater canals and Bayou St. John in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA," Sci. Total Environ., 333, 137-148(2004).   DOI   ScienceOn
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117 Lindqvist, N., Tuhkanen, T. and Kronberg, L., "Occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals in raw and treated sewage and in receiving waters," Water Res., 39, 2219-2228(2005).   DOI   ScienceOn
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125 Johnson, A. C., Jürgens, M. D., Williams, R. J., Kummerer, K., Kortenkamp, A. and Sumpter, J. P., "Do cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs discharged into rivers pose a risk to the environment and human health? an overview and UK case study," J. Hydrol., 348, 167-175(2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
126 Ying, G. G., Yu, X. Y. and Kookana, R. S., "Biological degradation of triclocarban and triclosan in a soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and comparison with environmental fate modeling," Environ. Pollut., 150, 300-305(2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
127 Maskaoui, K., Hibberd, A. and Zhou, J. L., "Assessment of the interaction between aquatic colloids and pharmaceuticals facilitated by cross-flow ultrafiltration," Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 8038-8043(2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
128 Putschew, A., Wischnack, S. and Jekel, M., "Occurrence of triiodinated X-ray contrast agents in the aquatic environment," Sci. Total Environ., 255, 129-134(2000).   DOI   ScienceOn
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132 Weigel, S., Kallenborn, R. and Huhnerfuss, H., "Simultaneous solid-phase extraction of acidic, neutral and basic pharmaceuticals from aqueous samples at ambient (neutral) pH and their determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry," J. Chromatogr. A, 1023, 183-195(2004).   DOI   ScienceOn
133 Xu, W. H., Zhang, G., Zhou, S. C., Li, X. D. and Liu, Y. C., "Determination of selected antibiotics in the Victoria Harbour and the Pearl River, South China using highperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry," Environ. Pollut., 145, 672-679 (2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
134 Zhang, S., Zhang, Q., Darisaw, S., Ehie, O. and Wang, G., "Simultaneous quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in Mississippi river water, in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA," Chemosphere, 66, 1057-1069(2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
135 Boyd, G. R., Reemtsma, H., Grimm, D. A. and Mitra, S., "Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface and treated waters of Louisiana, USA and Ontario, Canada," Sci. Total Environ., 311, 135-149(2003).   DOI   ScienceOn
136 Singer, H., Muller, S., Tixier, C. and Pillonel, L., "Triclosan: occurrence and fate of a widely used biocide in the aquatic environment: field measurements in wastewater treatments plants, surface waters, and late sediments," Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 4998-5004(2002).   DOI   ScienceOn
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138 Thomas, K. V. and Hilton, M. J., "The occurrence of selected human pharmaceutical compounds in UK estuaries," Mar. Pollut. Bull., 49, 436-444(2004).   DOI   ScienceOn
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143 Kuster, M., Alda, M. J. L., Hernando, M. D., Petrovic, M., Martin-Alonso, J. and Barcelo, D., "Analysis an occurrence of pharmaceuticals, estrogens, progestogens and polar pesticides in sewage treatment plant effluents, river water and drinking water in the Llobregat river basin (Barcelona, Spain)," J. Hydrol., 358, 112-123(2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
144 Perez, S. and Barcelo, D., "Application of advanced MS techniques to analysis and identification of human and microbial metabolites of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment," Trends Anal. Chem., 26(6), 494-514(2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
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148 Vieno, N. M., Härkki, H., Tuhkanen, T. and Kronberg, L., "Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in river water and their elimination in a pilot-scale drinking water treatment plant," Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 5077-5084(2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
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154 Zhao, J. L., Ying, G. G., Wang, L., Yang, J. F., Yang, X. B., Yang, L. H. and and Li, X., "Determination of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals and acidic pharmaceuticals in surface water of the Pearl Rivers in South China by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry," Sci. Total Environ., 407, 962-974(2009).   DOI   ScienceOn
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163 Osenbruck, K., Glaser, H. R., Knoller, K., Weise, S. M., Moder, M. and Wennrich, R., "Sources and transport of selected organic micropollutants in urban groundwater underlying the city of Halle (Saale), Germany," Water Res., 41, 3259-3270(2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
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167 Yang, S. and Carlson, K. H., "Solid-phase extraction-highperformance liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry for analysis of trace concentrations of macrolide antibiotics in natural and waste water matrices," J. Chromatogr. A, 1038, 141-155(2004).   DOI   ScienceOn
168 Benotti, M. J., Trenholm, R. A., Vanderford, B. J., Holady, J. C., Stanford, B. D. and Snyder, S. A., "Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in U.S. drinking water," Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 597-603(2009).   DOI   ScienceOn
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213 Ramil, M., El Aref, T., Fink, G., Scheurer, M. and Ternes, T. A., "Fate of beta blockers in aquatic-sediment system: sorption and biotransformation," Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 962-970(2010).   DOI   ScienceOn
214 Carballa, M., Fink, G., Omil, F., Lema, J. M. and Ternes, T., "Determination of the solid-water distribution coeffi cient (Kd) for pharmaceuticals, estrogens and musk fragrances in digested sludge," Water Res., 42, 287-295(2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
215 Lin, K. and Gan, J., "Sorption and degradation of wastewater- associated non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics in soils," Chemosphere, 83, 240-246(2011).   DOI   ScienceOn
216 Choi, K. J., Kim, S. G., Kim, C. W. and Kim, S. H., "Determination of antibiotic compounds in water by on-line SPE-LC/MSD," Chemosphere, 66, 977-984(2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
217 Es'haghi, Z., "Determination of widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in water samples by in situ derivatization, continuous hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector," Anal. Chem. Acta, 641, 83-88(2009).   DOI   ScienceOn
218 Vieno, N. M., Tuhkanen, T. and Kronberg, L., "Seasonal variation in the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in effluents from a sewage treatment plant and in the recipient water," Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8220-8226(2005).   DOI   ScienceOn
219 Eguchi, K., Nagase, H., Ozawa, M., Endoh, Y. S., Goto, K., Hirata, K., Miyamoto, K. and Yoshimura, H., "Evaluation of antimicrobial agents for veterinary use in the ecotoxicity test using microalgae," Chemosphere, 57, 1733-1738(2004).   DOI   ScienceOn
220 Isidori, M., Lavorgna, M., Nardelli, A., Pascarella, L. and Parrella, A., "Toxic and genotoxic evaluation of six antibiotics on non-target organisms," Sci. Total Environ., 346, 87-98(2005).   DOI   ScienceOn
221 Tauxe-Wuersch, A., De Alencastro, L. F., Grandjean, D. and Tarradellas, J., "Occurrence of several acidic drugs in sewage treatment plants in Switzerland and risk assessment," Water Res., 39, 1761-1772(2005).   DOI   ScienceOn
222 Focazio, M. J., Kolpin, D. W., Barnes, K. K., Furlong, E. T., Meyer, M. T., Zaugg, S. D., Barber, L. B. and Thurmann, M. E., "A national reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States- II) Untreated drinking water sources," Sci. Total Environ., 402, 201-216(2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
223 Benotti, M. J., Trenholm, R. A., Vanderford, B. J., Holady, J. C., Stanford, B. D. and Snyder, S. A., "Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in U.S. drinking water," Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 597-603(2009).   DOI   ScienceOn
224 Pery, A. R. R., Gust, M., Vollat, B., Mons, R., Ramil, M., Fink, G., Ternes, T. and Garric, J., "Fluoxetine effects assessment on the life cycle of aquatic invertebrates," Chemosphere, 73, 300-304(2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
225 Andreozzi, R., Raffaele, M. and Nicklas, P., "Pharmaceuticals in STP effluents and their solar photodegradation in aquatic environment," Chemosphere, 50, 1319-1330(2003).   DOI   ScienceOn
226 Buser, H. R., Poiger, T. and Muller, M. D., "Occurrence and fate of the pharmaceutical drug diclofenac in surface waters: rapid photodegradation in a lake," Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 3449-3456(1999).
227 Zuo, Y., Zhang, K. and Deng, Y., "Occurrence and photochemical degradation of $17{\alpha}$-ethinylestradiol in Acushnet River Estuary," Chemosphere, 63, 1583-1590(2006).   DOI   ScienceOn
228 Jurgens, M. D., Holthaus, K. I. E., Johnson, A. C., Smith, J. J. L., Hetheridge, M. and Williams, R. J., "The potential for estradiol and ethynylestradiol degradation in English rivers," Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 480-488(2002).   DOI   ScienceOn
229 Zwieger, C. and Frimmel, F., "Oxidative treatment of pharmaceuticals in water," Water Resour., 34(6), 1881-1885(2000).
230 Quintana, J. B., Weiss, S. and Reemtsma, T., "Pathways and metabolites of microbial degradation of selected acidic pharmaceutical and their occurrence in municipal wastewater treated by a membrane bioreactor," Water Res., 39, 2654-2664(2005).   DOI   ScienceOn
231 Orvos, D. R., Versteeg, D. J., Inauen, J., Capdevielle, M., Rothenstein, A. and Cunningham, V., "Aquaic toxicity of triclosan," Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 1338-1349(2002).   DOI   ScienceOn
232 Kim, J. W., Ishibashi, H., Yamauchi, R., Ichikawa, N., Takao, Y., Hirano, M., Koga, M. and Arizono, K., "Acute toxicity of pharmaceutical and personal care products on freshwater crustacean (Thamnocephalus) and fish (Oryzias latipes)," J. Toxicol. Sci., 34, 227-232(2009).   DOI   ScienceOn
233 Pomati, F., Netting, A. G., Calamari, D. and Neilan, B. A., "Effects of erythromycin, tetracycline and ibuprofen on the growth of Synechocystis sp. and Lemna minor," Aquat. Toxicol., 67, 387-396(2004).   DOI   ScienceOn
234 Wollenberger, L., Halling-Sorensen, B. and Kusk, K. O., "Acute and chronic toxicity of veterinary antibiotics to Daphnia magna," Chemosphere, 40, 723-730(2000).   DOI   ScienceOn
235 Daughton, C. G. and Ternes, T. A., "Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle change?" Environ. Health Perspect., 107, 907-938(1999).   DOI   ScienceOn
236 Glassmeyer, S. T., Hinchey, E. H., Boehme, S. E., Daughton, C. G., Ruhoy, I. S., Conerly, O., Daniels, R. L., Lauer, L., McCarthy, M., Nettesheim, T. G., Sykes, K. and Thompson, V. G., "Disposal practises for unwanted residual medications in the United States," Environ. Int., 35, 566-572 (2009).   DOI   ScienceOn
237 Lin, A. Y. C. and Reinhard, M., "Photodegradation of common environmental pharmaceuticals and estrogens in river water," Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 24, 1303-1309(2005).   DOI   ScienceOn
238 Buser, H. R., Poiger, T. and Müller, M. D., "Occurrence and fate of the pharmaceutical drug diclofenac in surface waters: rapid photodegradation in a lake," Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 3449-3456(1998).
239 Hernando, M. D., Heath, E., Petrovic, M. and Barcelo, D., "Trace-level determination of pharmaceuticals residues by LC-MS/MS in natural and treated waters. A pilot-survey study," Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 385, 985-991(2006).   DOI   ScienceOn
240 Lin, A. Y. C., Wang, X. H. and Lin, C. F., "Impact of wastewaters and hospital effluents on the occurrence of controlled substances in surface waters," Chemosphere, 81, 562-270(2010).   DOI   ScienceOn
241 De Liguoro, M., Fioretto, B., Poltronieri, C. and Gallina, G., "The toxicity of sulfamethazine to Daphnia magna and its additivity to other veterinary sulfonamides and trimethoprim," Chemosphere, 75, 1519-1524(2009).   DOI   ScienceOn
242 Quinn, B., Gagne, F. and Blaise, C., "An investigation into the acute and chronic toxicity of eleven pharmaceuticals (and their solvents) found in wastewater effluent on the cnidarian, Hydra attenuate," Sci. Total Environ., 389, 306-314 (2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
243 Perez-Estrada, L. A., Malato, S., Gernjak, W., Aguera, A., Thurmann, E. M., Ferrer, I. and Fernandez-Alba, A. R., "Photo-Fenton degradation of diclofenac: identification of main intermediates and degradation pathway," Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8300-8306(2005).   DOI   ScienceOn
244 Johnson, D. J., Sanderson, H., Brain, R. A., Wilson, C. J. and Solomon, K. R., "Toxicity and hazard of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and sertraline to algae," Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 67, 128-139(2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
245 Ferrari, B., Paxeus, N., Giudice, R. L., Pollio, A. and Garric, J., "Ecotoxicological impact of pharmaceuticals found in treated wastewaters: study of carbamazepine, clofibric acid, and diclofenac," Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 55, 359-370(2003).   DOI   ScienceOn
246 Grung, M., Kallqvist, T., Sakshaug, S., Skurtveit, S. and Thomas, K. V., "Environmental assessment of Norwegian priority pharmaceuticals based on the EMEA guideline," Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 71, 328-340(2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
247 Raldua, D., Andre, M. and Babin, P. J., "Clofibrate and gemfibrozil induce an embryonic malabsorption syndrome in zebrafish," Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 228, 301-314(2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
248 Henschel, K. P., Wenzel, A., Diedrich, M. and Fliedner, A., "Environmental hazard assessment of pharmaceuticals," Regul. Toxicol. Pharm., 25, 220-225(1997).   DOI   ScienceOn
249 Kim, Y., Jung, J., Kim, M., Park, J., Boxall, A. B. A. and Choi, K., "Prioritizing veterinary pharmaceuticals for aquatic environment in Korea," Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 26, 167-176(2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
250 van der Aa, N. G. F. M., Kommer, G. J., van Montfoot, J. E. and Versteegh, J. F. M., "Demographic projections of future pharmaceutical consumption in the Netherlands," Water Sci. Technol., 63(4), 825-831(2011).   DOI   ScienceOn
251 Encinas, S., Bosca, F. and Miranda, M. A., "Phototoxicity associated with diclofenac: a photophysical, photochemical, and photobiological study on the drug and its photoproducts," Chem. Res. Toxicol., 11, 946-952(1998).   DOI   ScienceOn
252 Pascoe, D., Karntanut, W. and Muller, C. T., "Do pharmaceuticals affect freshwater invertebrates? A study with the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris," Chemosphere, 51, 521-528(2003).   DOI   ScienceOn
253 Henry, T. B. and Black, M. C., "Mixture and single-substance acute toxicity of selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors in Ceriodaphnia dubia," Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 26, 1751-1755(2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
254 Nunes, B., Carvalho, F. and Guilhermino, L., "Acute toxicity of widely used pharmaceuticals in aquatic species: Gambusia holbrooki, Artemia parthenogenetica and Tetraselmis chuii," Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 61, 413-419(2005).   DOI   ScienceOn
255 Lilius, H., Hastbacka, T. and Isomaa, B., "A comparison of the toxicity of 30 reference chemicals to Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex," Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 14, 2085-2088 (1995).
256 Heckamann, L. H., Callaghan, A., Hooper, H. L., Connon, R., Hutchinson, T. H., Maund, S. J. and Sibly, R. M., "Chronic toxicity of ibuprofen to Daphnia magna: effects on life history traits and population dynamics," Toxicol. Lett., 172, 137-145(2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
257 DellaGreca, M., Iesce, M. R., Isidori, M., Nardelli, A., Previtera, L. and Rubino, M., "Phototransformation products of tamoxifen by sunlight in water. Toxicity of the drug and its derivatives on aquatic organisms," Chemosphere, 67, 1933-1939(2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
258 Zurita, J. L., Repetto, G., Jos, A., Salguero, M., Lopez-Artigues, M. and Camean, A. M., "Toxicological effects of the lipid regulator gemfibrozil in four aquatic systems," Aquat. Toxicol., 81, 106-115(2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
259 Vandenbergh, G. F., Adriaens, D., Verslycke, T. and Janssen, C. R., "Effects of $17{\alpha}$-ethinylestradiol on sexual development of the amphipod Hyalella azteca," Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 54, 216-222(2003).   DOI   ScienceOn
260 Triebskorn, R., Casper, H., Heyd, A., Eikemper, R., Kohler, H. R. and Schwaiger, J., "Toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac, Part II. Cytological effects in liver, kidney, gills and intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)," Aquatic. Toxicol., 68, 151-166(2004).   DOI   ScienceOn
261 Dahl, U., Gorokhova, E. and Breitholtz, M., "Application of growth-related sublethal endpoints in ecotoxicological assessments using a harpacticoid copepod," Aquat. Toxicol., 77, 433-438(2006).   DOI   ScienceOn
262 Petrovic, M., Gonzalez, S. and Barcelo, D., "Analysis and removal of emerging contaminants in wastewater and drinking water," Trends Anal. Chem., 22(10), 685-696(2003).   DOI   ScienceOn
263 Carrara, C., Ptacek, C. J., Robertson, W. D., Blowes, D. W., Moncur, M. C. and Sverko, E., "Fate of pharmaceutical and trace organic compounds in three septic system plumes, Ontario, Canada," Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 2805-2811 (2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
264 Boreen, A. L., Arnold, W. A. and McNeill, K., "Tripletsensitized photodegradation of sulfa drugs containing sixmembered heterocyclic groups: identification of an SO2 extrusion photoproduct," Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 3630-3638 (2005).   DOI   ScienceOn
265 Tolls, J., "Sorption of veterinary pharmaceuticals in soils: a review," Environ. Sci. Technol., 17, 3397-2406(2001).
266 Gomez, M. J., Martinez Bueno, M. J., Lacorte, S., Fernandez- Alba, A. R. and Aguera, A., "Pilot survey monitoring pharmaceuticals and related compounds in a sewage treatment plant located on the Mediterranean coast," Chemosphere, 66, 993-1002(2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
267 Cleuvers, M., "Initial risk assessment for three ${\beta}$-blockers found in the aquatic environment," Chemosphere, 59, 199-205(2005).   DOI   ScienceOn
268 Huggett, D. B., Brooks, B. W., Peterson, B., Foran, C. M. and Schlenk, D., "Toxicity of select beta adrenergic receptor- blocking pharmaceuticals (B-Blockers) on aquatic organisms," Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 43, 229-235(2002).   DOI   ScienceOn
269 Isidori, M., Nardelli, A., Pascarella, L., Rubino, M. and Parrella, A., "Toxic and genotoxic impact of fibrates and their photoproducts on non-target organism," Environ. Intl., 33, 635-641(2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
270 Brain, R. A., Johnson, D. J., Richards, S. M., Hanson, M. L., Sanderson, H., Lam, M. W., Young, C., Mabury, S. A., Sibley, P. K. and Solomon, K. R., "Microcosm evaluation of the effects of an eight pharmaceutical mixture to the aquatic macrophytes Lemna gibba and Myriophyllum sibiricum," Aquat. Toxicol., 70, 23-40(2004).   DOI   ScienceOn
271 Key, P. B., Hoguet, J., Reed, L. A., Chung, K. W. and Fulton, M. H., "Effects of the statin antihyperlipidemic agent simvastatin on grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio," Environ. Toxicol., 23, 153-160(2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
272 Verenitch, S. S., Lowe, C. J. and Mazumder, A., "Determination of acidic drugs and caffeine in municipal wastewater and receiving waters by gas chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry," J. Chromatogr. A, 1116, 193-203(2006).   DOI   ScienceOn
273 Gyllenhammar, I., Holm, L., Eklund, R. and Berg, C., "Reproductive toxicity in Xenopus tropicalis afeter developmental exposure to environmental concentrations of ethynylestradiol," Aquat. Toxicol., 91, 171-178(2009).   DOI   ScienceOn
274 Cleuvers, M., "Mixture toxicity of anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, and acetylsalicylic acid," Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 59, 309-315(2004).   DOI   ScienceOn
275 Schwaiger, J., Ferling, H., Mallow, U., Wintermayr, H. and Negele, R. D., "Toxic effects of the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug diclofenac, Part I: histopathological alterations and bioaccumulation in rainbow trout," Aquatic. Toxicol., 68, 141-150(2004).   DOI   ScienceOn
276 Pounds, N., Maclean, S., Webley, M., Pascoe, D. and Hutchinson, T., "Acute and chronic effects of ibuprofen in the mollusc Planorbis carinatus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae)," Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 70, 47-52(2008).   DOI   ScienceOn
277 Isidori, M., Lavorgna, M., Nardelli, A., Parrella, A., Previtera, L. and Rubino, M., "Ecotoxicity of naproxen and its phototransformation products," Sci. Total Environ., 348, 93-101(2005).   DOI   ScienceOn
278 Reddersen, K., Heberer, T. and Dünnbier, U., "Identification and significance of phenazone drugs and their metabolites in ground- and drinking water," Chemosphere, 49, 539-544 (2002).   DOI   ScienceOn
279 Petrovic, M., Gonzalez, S. and Barcelo, D., "Analysis and removal of emerging contaminants in wastewater and drinking water," Trends Anal. Chem., 22(10), 685-696(2003).   DOI   ScienceOn
280 Petrovic, M. and Barcelo, D., "LC-MS for identifying photodegradation products of pharmaceuticals in the environment," Trends Anal. Chem., 26(6), 486-493(2007).   DOI   ScienceOn
281 Carlsson, C., Johansson, A. K., Alvan, G., Bergman, K. and Kühler, T., "Are pharmaceuticals potent environmental pollutants? Part I: environmental risk assessments of selected active pharmaceutical ingredients," Sci. Total Environ., 364, 67-87(2006).   DOI   ScienceOn
282 Zou, J., Neumann, N. F., Holland, J. W., Belosevic, M., Cunningham, C., Secombes, C. J., and Rowley, A. F., "Fish macrophages express a cyclo-oxygenase-2 homologue after activation," Biochem. J., 340, 153-159(1999).   DOI   ScienceOn
283 Kang, I. J., Yokota, H., Oshima, Y., Tsuruda, Y., Yamaguchi, T., Maeda, M., Imada, N., Tadokoro, H. and Honjo, T., "Effect of $17{\beta}$-estradiol on the reproduction of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)," Chemosphere, 47, 71-80(2002).   DOI   ScienceOn